{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:35:02Z","timestamp":1783103702466,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy Program","award":["2022-scientific research-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-scientific research-2"]}]},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy Program","award":["2023-JSGG-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JSGG-4"]}]},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy Program","award":["2022RC-research center-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022RC-research center-4"]}]},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy Program","award":["YLXKZX-NND-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YLXKZX-NND-007"]}]},{"name":"Project for Technological Innovating Talent of Hohhot","award":["2022-scientific research-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-scientific research-2"]}]},{"name":"Project for Technological Innovating Talent of Hohhot","award":["2023-JSGG-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JSGG-4"]}]},{"name":"Project for Technological Innovating Talent of Hohhot","award":["2022RC-research center-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022RC-research center-4"]}]},{"name":"Project for Technological Innovating Talent of Hohhot","award":["YLXKZX-NND-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YLXKZX-NND-007"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Education Department Special Research Project For First Class Disciplines","award":["2022-scientific research-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-scientific research-2"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Education Department Special Research Project For First Class Disciplines","award":["2023-JSGG-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JSGG-4"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Education Department Special Research Project For First Class Disciplines","award":["2022RC-research center-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022RC-research center-4"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Education Department Special Research Project For First Class Disciplines","award":["YLXKZX-NND-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YLXKZX-NND-007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The \u2018head back\u2019 posture is a pronounced and significant behavioral trait during bovine parturition, commonly interpreted as a natural response to the pain associated with parturition. Leveraging computer vision technology for real-time monitoring of parturition behaviors can provide timely assistance during calving and enhance animal welfare. This study initially evaluated the head back posture in cows of different types, finding that primiparous cows and those delivering calves weighing over 43 kg exhibited prolonged durations of both labor and head back posture. A model was developed using the YOLOv8 algorithm with 25,617 images to recognize and classify changes in head posture during parturition, including positions like lying with or without head back. The model demonstrated robust predictive performance with a precision (P) of 69.76%, recall (R) of 75.35%, average precision (AP) of 70.12%, and F1 score of 0.71. Furthermore, the model\u2019s capability to recognize postures from different camera angles and under varying environmental conditions was assessed. Notably, images captured from an abdominal angle achieved AP exceeding 90%, with consistent stability under varying lighting conditions, including sunny and overcast weather, during both daytime and nighttime. Behavioral analysis showed that the parturition duration and total duration of head back posture in primiparous cows were significantly higher than those in multiparous cows (p &lt; 0.05), and the changing trends of motor performance between primiparous and multiparous cows were consistent across different parturition stages. Additionally, the correlation between calf birth weight and maternal behavior was stronger in primiparous cows than in multiparous cows, further indicating obvious differences in physiological and behavioral responses of cows during primiparous and multiparous parturition. This study underscores the potential of computer vision applications in enhancing real-time intervention and promoting welfare during bovine parturition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15172470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T13:47:49Z","timestamp":1755870469000},"page":"2470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Feature Extraction and Automatic Recognition Model Construction for Head Back Posture During the Parturition Process in Dairy Cows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xia","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy-Breeding and Production Research Subcenter, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Husbandry at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Integrated Research Platform of Smart Animal Husbandry at Universities of Inner Mongolia, Inner Mongolia Herbivorous Livestock Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifeng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy-Breeding and Production Research Subcenter, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Husbandry at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Integrated Research Platform of Smart Animal Husbandry at Universities of Inner Mongolia, Inner Mongolia Herbivorous Livestock Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy-Breeding and Production Research Subcenter, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Husbandry at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Integrated Research Platform of Smart Animal Husbandry at Universities of Inner Mongolia, Inner Mongolia Herbivorous Livestock Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Zhalaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy-Breeding and Production Research Subcenter, Hohhot 010018, 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