{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:23Z","timestamp":1787027483892,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipid-soluble vitamins are essential micronutrients that play a vital role in processes such as growth, reproduction, immune regulation, antioxidant defense, anti-inflammatory response and cardiovascular health. This study aimed to evaluate the plasma levels of retinol, cholecalciferol, \u03b1-tocopherol and phylloquinone in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Six dogs diagnosed with DCM and ten healthy control dogs were selected based on clinical, echocardiographic, electrocardiographic and radiographic examinations. Chromatographic analysis was performed to analyze the content of lipid-soluble vitamins. The mean plasma retinol levels were 0.0285 \u03bcg\/mL and 0.0495 \u03bcg\/mL in the DCM and control groups, respectively, and the mean cholecalciferol levels were 0.0739 \u03bcg\/mL and 0.1045 \u03bcg\/mL in the DCM and control groups, respectively. Retinol and cholecalciferol levels were both statistically lower in the DCM group than in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). The mean plasma \u03b1-tocopherol levels were 0.3103 and 0.4322 \u03bcg\/mL, and the mean plasma phylloquinone levels were 0.03780 and 0.04082 \u03bcg\/mL in the DCM and control groups, respectively. However, no statistical significance was observed between the two groups for \u03b1-tocopherol or phylloquinone levels. Based on our findings, alterations in vitamin A and D metabolism could be associated with the development of idiopathic DCM in dogs. However, given the limited sample size, further investigation in larger populations is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15172477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:09:32Z","timestamp":1756080572000},"page":"2477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Determination of Retinol, Cholecalciferol, \u03b1-Tocopherol and Phylloquinone Levels in Dogs with Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6952-2937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beng\u00fc","family":"Bilgi\u00e7","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0577-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammed","family":"I\u015f\u0131k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65100 Van, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0797-285X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Bak\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080 Van, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6502-5028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suat","family":"Ekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080 Van, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5089-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00fcleyman","family":"Kozat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65100 Van, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0440-5457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Pugliese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8764-1956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Erman","family":"Or","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2021.09.004","article-title":"Screening for dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Wess","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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