{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:42:42Z","timestamp":1760060562503,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stiftung L\u00f6wenbr\u00fccke"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dysfunctions and disorders of the craniomandibular system are accompanied by pathophysiological changes of muscle groups in the throat\/neck and facial area, e.g., pain in the jaw and muscles of mastication and disturbance of occlusion, leading to teeth injury (loss of dental hard tissue, fractures\/sensibility disorders, etc.). For muscular dysfunctions, even in the context of psychosomatic disorders and chronic stress, hippotherapy is particularly suitable, since it helps actively to relieve muscle tensions. In the current project we combined hippotherapy with progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) to achieve a synergistic effect. The horses used for therapy (two mares and five geldings between seven and twenty-one years old) were especially suitable because of their calm temperament. In two cases, trained therapy horses were used; in five other cases, the patients used their own horses, which were not specially trained. Right from the beginning, the project was accompanied by veterinary support. Conditions of horse keeping (active stable, same-sex groups, no boxes) were assessed as well as the horses themselves prior to, during, and after each therapy unit. In patients, cortisol, as a quantifiable parameter for stress, was measured before and after each therapy unit. From before the start until the end of each therapy unit of 15 min, the heart rate variability (HRV) of both patients and horses was registered continuously and synchronously. In addition, the behavior of the horses was monitored and recorded on video by an experienced coach and a veterinarian. The stress load during the tension phases in the therapy units was low, perceivable in the horses lifting their heads and a slightly shortened stride length. Likewise, the horses reflected the patients\u2019 relaxation phases, so that at the end of the units the horses were physically and psychically relaxed, too, noticeable by lowering their necks, free ear movement, and a decreasing heart frequency (HF). Altogether, the horses benefited from the treatment, too. Obvious stress signs like unrest, head tossing, tail swishing, or tense facial expressions were not noticed at any time. Twenty jumpers served as a control group in different situations (training, tournament, and leisure riding).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15172587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T12:07:32Z","timestamp":1756901252000},"page":"2587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hippotherapy in the Treatment of CMD and Bruxism in Dentistry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7041-6592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margrit-Ann","family":"Geibel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dento-Maxillofacial Radiology, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany"},{"name":"Department Gender-Specific Dentistry, Danube University, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Kildal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany"},{"name":"Radiology, Upper Valais Hospital Center (SZO), H\u00f4pital du Valais, 3900 Brig, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amina Maria","family":"Geibel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatric Dentistry, University Center of Dentistry Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sibylle","family":"Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3R Center, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"},{"name":"Endocrinology and Physiology, University Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hugger, A., Lange, M., Schindler, H.J., and T\u00fcrp, J.C. 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