{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:57:20Z","timestamp":1791845840712,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungal skin infections caused by dermatophytes are of significant veterinary and zoonotic concern. This study investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and treatment outcomes of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats with skin lesions. A total of 140 animals (90 dogs and 50 cats) that presented with skin lesions (alopecia, crusts, pruritus, and scales) were examined. Identification of dermatophyte isolates relied on both phenotypic characteristics and molecular techniques. The molecular approach involved PCR and sequencing of ribosomal DNA regions (ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S rDNA), complemented by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Treatment regimens included topical clotrimazole, systemic itraconazole, supportive therapy, and a dermatophyte vaccine. Of the 90 dog samples examined, 47 (52.22%) were positive for fungal culture (p = 0.65). In cats, 35 samples (70%) were positive (p &lt; 0.0001). Microsporum canis was the most significant (p &lt; 0.0001) prevalent isolate (60%), followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (20%). This study reported the first isolation of T. indotineae in Egypt. Younger animals (&lt;1 year) exhibited a significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher risk of infection compared with adults (&gt;1 year). Indoor\/outdoor housing in cats significantly reduced the risk of infection when compared with indoor housing (p &lt; 0.0001; odds ratio = 0.05). Combination therapy using itraconazole, clotrimazole, supportive treatment, and a dermatophyte vaccine resulted in the fastest clinical recovery (p &lt; 0.0001). These findings underscore the importance of accurate diagnosis and effective treatment strategies for managing dermatophytosis in pets and preventing zoonotic transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15172622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T08:06:32Z","timestamp":1757318792000},"page":"2622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Molecular Diagnostics and Control of Zoonotic Dermatophytosis: First Detection of Trichophyton indotineae in a Dog in Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hend A.","family":"Zineldar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Infectious Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6401-2877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wafaa M.","family":"El-Neshwy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Infectious Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romeo T.","family":"Cristina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasser Z.","family":"Abouzeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Infectious Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed I.","family":"Eisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Infectious Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2907-4233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin","family":"Muselin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Dumitrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Abdelkhalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety, Hygiene and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr 11829, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1246-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmine H.","family":"Tartor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moraru, R., Chermette, R., and Guillot, J. (2019). Superficial mycoses in dogs and cats. Recent Trends in Human and Animal Mycology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9435-5_2"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.1174-1181","article-title":"Dermatophytosis in companion animals: A review","volume":"13","author":"Paryuni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12440","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats: Clinical consensus guidelines of the world association for veterinary dermatology","volume":"28","author":"Moriello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-016-0073-9","article-title":"Toward a novel multilocus phylogenetic taxonomy for the dermatophytes","volume":"182","author":"Dukik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15226","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Trichophyton mentagrophytes genotype VIII in an Iranian family with generalized dermatophytosis: Report of four cases and review of literature","volume":"60","author":"Fattahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1723","article-title":"\u201cIndian\u201d strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes with reduced itraconazole susceptibility in Germany","volume":"19","author":"Brasch","year":"2021","journal-title":"JDDG J. Der Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, S., Long, X., Hu, W., Zhu, J., Jiang, Y., Ahmed, S., de Hoog, G.S., Liu, W., and Jiang, Y. (2023). The epidemic of the multiresistant dermatophyte Trichophyton indotineae has reached China. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1113065"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00455-8","article-title":"Trichophyton indotineae sp. nov.: A new highly terbinafine-resistant anthropophilic dermatophyte species","volume":"185","author":"Kano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uhrla\u00df, S., Verma, S.B., Gr\u00e4ser, Y., Rezaei-Matehkolaei, A., Hatami, M., Schaller, M., and Nenoff, P. (2022). Trichophyton indotineae\u2014An emerging pathogen causing recalcitrant dermatophytoses in India and worldwide\u2014A multidimensional perspective. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8070757"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2022.101352","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Trichophyton infections among canines from northern India","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2023.105105","article-title":"Multi-drug resistance Trichophyton indotineae in a stray dog","volume":"166","author":"Oladzad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"563","article-title":"Dermatophytosis in animals: Epidemiological, clinical and zoonotic aspects","volume":"148","author":"Moretti","year":"2013","journal-title":"G Ital. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2015.06.015","article-title":"Zoonotic potential of dermatophytosis in small mammals","volume":"24","author":"Fehr","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2015.11.027","article-title":"Detection of seasonal asymptomatic dermatophytes in Van cats","volume":"47","author":"Ilhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2298\/VETGL240130006A","article-title":"Furry hosts and fungal guests: Investigating dermatophyte carriage in shelter and clinic cats and dogs of northern Portugal","volume":"78","author":"Afonso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Glas."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12372","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12372","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of molecular and conventional methods for identification of dermatophyte species from clinically infected Arabian horses in Egypt","volume":"27","author":"Tartor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.15578\/squalen.v11i2.213","article-title":"Internal transcribed Spacer (ITS) as DNA barcoding to Identify fungal species: A review","volume":"11","author":"Fajarningsih","year":"2016","journal-title":"Squalen Bull. Mar. Fish. Postharvest Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.8(5)2015.17296","article-title":"Use of restriction fragment length polymorphism to rapidly identify dermatophyte species related to dermatophytosis","volume":"8","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X17735967","article-title":"Efficacy of itraconazole oral solution using an alternating-week pulse therapy regimen for treatment of cats with experimental Microsporum canis infection","volume":"20","author":"Puls","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-008-9106-3","article-title":"Conventional methods for the diagnosis of dermatophytosis","volume":"166","author":"Robert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moriello, K.A., and Coyner, K. (2021). Dermatophytosis. Greene\u2019s Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, Elsevier. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-50934-3.00078-1"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.191832","article-title":"Zoonotic vectorborne pathogens and ectoparasites of dogs and cats in eastern and Southeast Asia","volume":"26","author":"Colella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, M.A., Coop, R.L., and Wall, R. (2015). Veterinary Parasitology, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119073680"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kidd, S., Halliday, C., and Ellis, D. (2022). Descriptions of Medical Fungi, CAB International.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781800622340.0000"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"315","article-title":"Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics","volume":"18","author":"White","year":"1990","journal-title":"PCR Protoc."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"82","article-title":"Use of single-enzyme PCR-restriction digestion barcode targeting the internal transcribed spacers (ITS rDNA) to identify dermatophyte species","volume":"41","author":"Makimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.2003.00457.x","article-title":"Antifungal agents of use in animal health\u2014Practical applications","volume":"26","author":"Rochette","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2004.00406.x","article-title":"Efficacy of pre-treatment with lufenuron for the prevention of Microsporum canis infection in a feline direct topical challenge model","volume":"15","author":"Moriello","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2008.08.009","article-title":"Immunization with Trichophyton verrucosum vaccine in hunter\/jumper and dressage horses with naturally occurring Trichophyton equinum infection: A prospective, randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"28","author":"Ural","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19858791","article-title":"One vs. two negative fungal cultures to confirm mycological cure in shelter cats treated for Microsporum canis dermatophytosis: A retrospective study","volume":"22","author":"Stuntebeck","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"165","article-title":"The Prevalence of symptomatic dermatophytoses in dogs and cats and the pathomechanism of dermatophyte infections","volume":"58","author":"Gnat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Post\u0119py Mikrobiol.\u2014Adv. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heinrich, N.A., Eisenschenk, M., Harvey, R.G., and Nuttall, T. (2018). Skin Diseases of the Dog and Cat, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315118147"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"11","article-title":"Molecular identification and epidemiological aspects of dermatophytosis in Tehran, Iran","volume":"3","author":"Ghojoghi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107223","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of dermatophytosis in Golestan, Iran: A cross-sectional study","volume":"199","author":"Alehashemi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14334\/jitv.v26i1.2546","article-title":"Molecular profile of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis based on PCR-RFLP of internal transcribed spacer","volume":"26","author":"Endrawati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ilmu Ternak Vet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrucelli, M.F., de Abreu, M.H., Cantelli, B.A.M., Segura, G.G., Nishimura, F.G., Bitencourt, T.A., Marins, M., and Fachin, A.L. (2020). Epidemiology and diagnostic perspectives of dermatophytoses. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040310"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.5.1869-1875.2000","article-title":"Molecular differentiation of seven Malassezia Species","volume":"38","author":"Gupta","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2003.tb00132.x","article-title":"Identification of yeast species from orange fruit and juice by RFLP and sequence analysis of the 5.8S rRNA gene and the two internal transcribed spacers","volume":"3","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2017.08.019","article-title":"Species identification, strain differentiation, and antifungal susceptibility of dermatophyte species isolated from clinically infected Arabian horses","volume":"59","author":"Tartor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652011000200007","article-title":"Dermatophytoses in domesticated animals","volume":"53","author":"Nweze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2004.01055.x","article-title":"The epidemiology of canine and feline dermatophytoses in southern Italy","volume":"47","author":"Cafarchia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"102","article-title":"Comparative investigation on several protocols for treatment of dermatophytoses in pets","volume":"6","author":"Mihaylov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trakia J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"072048","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/548\/7\/072048","article-title":"Incidence and seasonal variation of pet dermatophytosis in Moscow region","volume":"548","author":"Savinov","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"28","article-title":"Topical Treatment of Feline Dermatophytosis","volume":"66","author":"Hind","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"2225","article-title":"Epidemiologic and molecular characterization of zoonotic dermatophytes from pet dogs and cats in Egypt","volume":"9","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-015-2185-x","article-title":"Incidence of dermatophytes isolated from dogs and cats in the city of Baku, Azerbaijan","volume":"25","author":"Roshanzamir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctsap.2006.05.005","article-title":"Mycologic Disorders of the Skin","volume":"21","author":"Outerbridge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Tech. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"116","article-title":"Dermatophytes isolated from dogs and cats suspected dermatophytoses in Istanbul, Turkey within a 15-year-period: An updated report","volume":"12","author":"Metiner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kocatepe Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, R., Garc\u00eas, A., Silva, A., Brilhante-Sim\u00f5es, P., Martins, \u00c2., Cardoso, L., Duarte, E.L., and Coelho, A.C. (2024). Dermatophytosis in companion animals in Portugal: A comprehensive epidemiological retrospective study of 12 years (2012\u20132023). Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12081727"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, A., Mohamed, N.S., and Siddig, E.E. (2025). Diversity and distribution of zoonotic fungal diseases in Africa: Multisectoral one health strategy is crucial for cost-effective preparedness and prevention. J. Fungi, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202502.2126.v1"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delli\u00e8re, S., Jabet, A., and Abdolrasouli, A. (2024). Current and emerging issues in dermatophyte infections. PLoS Pathog., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012258"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006867413987","article-title":"Dermatophytes isolated from domestic animals in Barcelona, Spain","volume":"137","author":"Abarca","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.1078-1082","article-title":"Detection and characterization of zoonotic dermatophytes from dogs and cats in and around Kolkata","volume":"8","author":"Murmu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. World."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00578291","article-title":"Preliminary report on the isolation of a dysgonic variety of Microsporum canis together with the normal variety from a cattery","volume":"120","author":"Philpot","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2009.12.007","article-title":"A zoonotic ringworm outbreak caused by a dysgonic strain of Microsporum canis from stray cats","volume":"27","author":"Alonso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marbaniang, Y.V., Leto, D., Almohri, H., and Hasan, M.R. (2025). Treatment and diagnostic challenges associated with the novel and rapidly emerging antifungal-resistant dermatophyte, Trichophyton indotineae. J. Clin. Microbiol., 63.","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01407-24"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Janabi, A.A.H.S. (2025). Expanding the prevalence of Trichophyton indotineae-associated skin infection by transmission from humans to animals. J. Med. Microbiol., 74.","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.002023"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00056-21","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility and mutations in the squalene epoxidase gene in dermatophytes of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes species complex","volume":"65","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"35191","article-title":"One Health and dermatophytes, what is the link between them?","volume":"44","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. J. Sci. Tech. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A.K., Wang, T., Talukder, M., and Bakotic, W.L. (2025). Global dermatophyte infections linked to human and animal health: A scoping review. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.37766\/inplasy2025.2.0036"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattei, A.S. (2014). Dermatophytosis in small animals. SOJ Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2.","DOI":"10.15226\/sojmid\/2\/3\/00124"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.2971-2978","article-title":"First study on molecular epidemiology of dermatophytosis in cats, dogs, and their companions in the Kurdistan region of Iraq","volume":"15","author":"Jarjees","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"119","article-title":"Dermatophytes isolated from dogs and cats suspected of dermatophytosis in Southern Brazil","volume":"34","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3314\/mmj.19.001","article-title":"An epidemiological study of feline and canine dermatophytoses in Japan","volume":"60","author":"Yamada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.17238\/issn2587-666X.2021.6.48","article-title":"Comprehensive treatment of small domestic animals with dermatomycosis as a method of prevention of these diseases in humans","volume":"6","author":"Shadskaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Agrar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brescini, L., Fioriti, S., Morroni, G., and Barchiesi, F. (2021). Antifungal combinations in dermatophytes. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202108.0276.v1"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonego, B., Corio, A., Mazzoletti, V., Zerbato, V., Benini, A., di Meo, N., Zalaudek, I., Stinco, G., Errichetti, E., and Zelin, E. (2024). Trichophyton indotineae, an emerging drug-resistant dermatophyte: A review of the treatment options. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13123558"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.17221\/7622-VETMED","article-title":"Dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei in a dog: A case report","volume":"59","author":"Kurtdede","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Med."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/17\/2622\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:41:33Z","timestamp":1760035293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/17\/2622"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15172622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15172622","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]}}}