{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:55:46Z","timestamp":1785200146545,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish \u201cMinisterio de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda\u201d","award":["2004-02580-C03-03\/BOS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2004-02580-C03-03\/BOS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of Fasciola hepatica in Cervus elaphus kept in natural conditions in the Ria\u00f1o Regional Hunting Reserve, north-west of Spain, where several species of domestic and wild animals coexist. One hundred red deer were examined and classified according to age, sex, and sampling season. After the necropsy of the animals, the liver was removed and inspected to obtain the adult parasites of F. hepatica. Faecal samples were collected and processed using the coprological sedimentation technique. The prevalence of this trematode by necropsy was 12%, with a low number of specimens per animal (x\u00af = 2.7 \u00b1 1.5; range 1\u20136). The young animals and the males had a higher prevalence than the adults and the females, finding statistically significant differences only according to the host age. Significant variations were also observed when considering the seasons of the year, with the highest number of infected animals in spring. The histopathological study revealed the presence of lesions compatible with a chronic fasciolosis similar to that found in domestic animals. The shedding of F. hepatica eggs was quite low in terms of prevalence (6%) and mean intensity of infection (x\u00af = 27.3 \u00b1 20.6, range 4\u201360 epg), being in young animals, in males, and in spring, where the greatest excretion of eggs was observed. These results suggest that the deer are suitable definitive hosts for F. hepatica in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, but they are unusual hosts. The serum samples were analysed using a native excretory\/secretory antigen (FhES) and a 2.9 kDa recombinant protein (FhrAPS) used for diagnosis of early and current fasciolosis in livestock. A commercial kit for serodiagnosis of F. hepatica in sheep and cattle, based on a monoclonal antibody (BIO K 211), was also evaluated in red deer. The seroprevalence of seropositivity of F. hepatica by FhES-ELISA was 32%, by FhrAPS-ELISA 13%, and by BIO K 211, 9%. In the three serological tests, the seroprevalence obtained was higher in adult animals, in males, and in spring. In the three serological tests used to understand the epidemiology of F. hepatica in red deer, we have observed that the sensitivity was low, perhaps due to the use of an anti-bovine IgG1 as a conjugate, so in future immunodiagnostic tests, it would be more desirable to obtain an anti-deer IgG, probably achieving better results. Due to these results, it is essential to investigate other serological or molecular tests that allow us to know the real importance of F. hepatica in deer and other wild animals. The role of deer as a reservoir of this trematode does not appear to be very important.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15182649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T08:43:54Z","timestamp":1757493834000},"page":"2649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Natural Infection by Fasciola hepatica in Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) from NW Spain: The Usefulness of Necropsy, Coprology, and Three Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for the Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Hidalgo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1113-9978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natividad","family":"Diez Ba\u00f1os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0901-3997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda del Rosario","family":"Hidalgo Arg\u00fcello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6631-3817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelica","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-021-01093-2","article-title":"Invasive snails, parasite spillback, and potential parasite spillover drive parasitic diseases of Hippopotamus amphibius in artificial lakes of Zimbabwe","volume":"19","author":"Schols","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"141","article-title":"Fasciola, Lymnaeids and Human Fascioliasis, with a Global Overview on Disease Transmission, Epidemiology, Evolutionary Genetics, Molecular Epidemiology and Control","volume":"69","author":"Valero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. 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