{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:58:12Z","timestamp":1788814692459,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Project of the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2023D04053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023D04053"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["dxscx2024214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["dxscx2024214"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Agricultural University Undergraduate Innovation Project","award":["2023D04053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023D04053"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Agricultural University Undergraduate Innovation Project","award":["dxscx2024214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["dxscx2024214"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The research aimed to examine the effects of fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis of cottonseed protein on body weight changes, serum biochemistry, rumen function, intestinal health, and liver metabolism of suckling lambs. A total of twelve 7-day-old healthy male Hu sheep body weights (5.27 \u00b1 0.48 kg) were randomly distributed into two groups. Starter feed regimens containing microbial fermentation of cottonseed protein (MFCP) or enzymatic hydrolysate of cottonseed protein (EHCP) were administered to lambs during the initial 60-day period. Results showed that compared with EHCP group, the serum glucose, ruminal acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids concentrations, jejunal immunoglobulin G content and mRNA expressions of Claudin 1 and Occludin, as well as the relative abundance of actinobacteriota and pseudoscardovia in the rumen were significantly increased in the MFCP group (p &lt; 0.05), whereas an opposite trend was observed in the jejunum. \u03b1-amylase and trypsin enzymatic activities were observed between the two groups. Relative to EHCP treatment, the MFCP group exhibited 69 elevated and 103 reduced hepatic metabolites, and these metabolites displayed distinct enrichment patterns within specific metabolic networks, including fructose and mannose metabolism (p = 0.003), arachidonic acid metabolism (p = 0.017), glycerophospholipid metabolism (p = 0.036), and the cAMP signaling pathway (p = 0.047). Overall, microbial fermentation of cottonseed protein may be beneficial for strengthening intestinal barrier function and facilitating hepatic lipid metabolism and immune regulation, while enzymatic hydrolysis of cottonseed protein enhances gastrointestinal digestive enzyme activity, thereby promoting nutrient digestion of suckling lambs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15182652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T12:27:41Z","timestamp":1757507261000},"page":"2652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Fermentation and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cottonseed Protein on Rumen Fermentation Characteristics, Intestinal Barrier Function, and Hepatic Metabolism in Suckling Lambs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Weidong","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Biological Feed and Animal Gut Health, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changzhao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Biological Feed and Animal Gut Health, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Biological Feed and Animal Gut Health, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Biological Feed and Animal Gut Health, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8818-4921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Biological Feed and Animal Gut Health, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiancheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Biological Feed and Animal Gut Health, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"Determinants of the selection of raw materials used in animal feed production","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Pol. Assoc. Agric. Agribus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, X., Li, Z., Wang, J., Chen, J., Jiang, Q., Liu, N., Liu, X., Zhang, F., Tan, B., and Li, H. (2021). Fermented cottonseed meal as a partial replacement for soybean meal could improve the growth performance, immunity and antioxidant properties, and nutrient digestibility by altering the gut microbiota profile of weaned piglets. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.734389"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acar, M.C., T\u00fcrkekul, B., Karahan Uysal, \u00d6., \u00d6zkan, S., and Yalcin, S. (2024). Effects of partial replacement of soybean with local alternative sources on growth, blood parameters, welfare, and economic indicators of local and commercial broilers. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14020314"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20180142","DOI":"10.1590\/rbz4820180142","article-title":"Determination of nutrient and energy values of cottonseed meal supplemented or not with phytase and protease for broiler chicks","volume":"48","author":"Dutra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"USDA (2025, July 01). World Agricultural Production, Available online: https:\/\/apps.fas.usda.gov\/psdonline\/circulars\/production.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.02.058","article-title":"Cottonseed: A sustainable contributor to global protein requirements","volume":"111","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.44.119","article-title":"Cottonseed meal in poultry diets: A Review","volume":"44","author":"Nagalakshmi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2023.117261","article-title":"Ultrasonic-aided extraction and degossypolization of cottonseed meal protein: Optimization and characterization of functional traits and molecular structure","volume":"204","author":"Dabbour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Chen, S., Lin, Y., Jiang, W., Zhao, Y., Lu, S., Miao, L., and Ge, X. (2023). Ferrous ion alleviates lipid deposition and inflammatory responses caused by a high cottonseed meal diet by modulating hepatic iron transport homeostasis and controlling ferroptosis in juvenile Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12111968"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foohum.2023.05.016","article-title":"Effect of microwave pre-treatment on protein extraction from de-oiled cottonseed meal and its functional and antioxidant properties","volume":"1","author":"Kadam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Humanit."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Yang, X., Huang, R., Nie, C., Niu, J., Chen, C., and Zhang, W. (2022). Biodegradation of free gossypol by Helicoverpa armigera carboxylesterase expressed in Pichia pastoris. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14120816"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Zhang, F., Chen, H., Li, S., Cao, Z., Wang, W., and Yang, H. (2025). Identification and boost of gossypol degradation ability of catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase: Novel insights into resourceful utilization of cottonseed byproducts. Bioresour. Technol., 435.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.132834"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.03.020","article-title":"Research progress on cottonseed meal as a protein source in pig nutrition: An updated review","volume":"18","author":"Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-022-01976-1","article-title":"Effective gossypol removal from cottonseed meal through optimized solid-state fermentation by Bacillus coagulans","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J., Zhang, J., Zou, G., Zhang, X., Shang, H., Ji, B., and Wei, Y. (2024). Enhancing the nutritional quality of defatted cottonseed meal by solid-state fermentation with probiotic microbes. Fermentation, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation10080429"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2017.1315051","article-title":"Effects of fermented cottonseed meal on the growth performance, gastrointestinal microflora population and small intestinal morphology in broiler chickens","volume":"58","author":"Jazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehemujiang, H., Yusuf, H.A., Ma, T., Diao, Q., Kong, L., Kang, L., and Tu, Y. (2023). Fermented cottonseed and rapeseed meals outperform soybean meal in improving performance, rumen fermentation, and bacterial composition in Hu sheep. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1119887"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Liao, S., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Huang, Z., Yu, W., and Zhou, C. (2023). Effects of fermented cottonseed meal substitution for fish meal on intestinal enzymatic activity, inflammatory and physical-barrier-related gene expression, and intestinal microflora of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Fishes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes8090466"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660310001598292","article-title":"Supplementation of diets containing pea meal with exogenous enzymes: Effects on weight gain, feed conversion, nutrient digestibility and gross morphology of the gastrointestinal tract of growing broiler chicks","volume":"44","author":"Cowieson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"6628805","article-title":"Effects of Replacing Fish Meal with Enzymatic Cottonseed Protein on the Growth Performance, Immunity, Antioxidation, and Intestinal Health of Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)","volume":"2003","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-02078-8","article-title":"Effect of enzymatic hydrolysate of cottonseed protein supplementation on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs in Thailand","volume":"52","author":"Tanumtuen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.01.008","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and immunomodulatory effects of cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate and its derivative peptides for hepatocytes of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)","volume":"98","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Liang, H., Xu, P., Xu, G., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., and Chen, X. (2022). Effects of enzymatic cottonseed protein concentrate as a feed protein source on the growth, plasma parameters, liver antioxidant capacity and immune status of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12121233"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wang, H., Niu, Y., Chen, C., and Zhang, W. (2024). Effects of cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate on intestinal microbiota of yellow-feather broilers. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1434252"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129399","article-title":"Preparation and identification of antioxidant peptides from cottonseed proteins","volume":"352","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-020-10086-8","article-title":"Cottonseed meal bioactive peptides as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler chicks","volume":"27","author":"Mohammadrezaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13781","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13781","article-title":"Effects of bioactive peptides derived from cottonseed meal solid-state fermentation on the growth, metabolism, and immunity of yellow-feathered broilers","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-020-01066-6","article-title":"Bioactive properties of protein hydrolysate of cottonseed byproduct: Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities","volume":"12","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6557","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15757","article-title":"Solid diet manipulates rumen epithelial microbiota and its interactions with host transcriptomic in young ruminants","volume":"23","author":"Chai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2006). Concentrated Feed of Sheep. General Administration of Quality Supervision (Standard No. GB\/T 20807-2006)."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Sha, Y., Dingkao, R., Zhang, W., Lv, W., Wei, H., Shi, H., Hu, J., Wang, J., and Li, S. (2020). Interactions between rumen microbes, VFAs, and host genes regulate nutrient absorption and epithelial barrier function during cold season nutritional stress in Tibetan sheep. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.593062"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, H., Liu, J., Liu, M., Zhang, H., and Chen, Y. (2023). Rumen fermentation and microbial diversity of sheep fed a high-concentrate diet supplemented with hydroethanolic extract of walnut green husk. Anim. Biosci., 37.","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.23.0213"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Henderson, G., Cox, F., Ganesh, S., Jonker, A., Young, W., and Janssen, P.H. (2015). Rumen microbial community composition varies with diet and host, but a core microbiome is found across a wide geographical range. Sci. Rep., 5."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr507","article-title":"Fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies","volume":"27","author":"Flash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Guo, H., Gao, X., and Wang, J. (2021). The intratumor microbiota signatures associate with subtype, tumor stage, and survival status of esophageal carcinoma. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.754788"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.135","article-title":"Global metabolic profiling of animal and human tissues via UPLC-MS","volume":"8","author":"Want","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"157","article-title":"The role of exogenous enzymes in promoting growth and improving nutrient digestibility in poultry","volume":"19","author":"Alagawany","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00e5rlund, A., G\u00f3mez-Gallego, C., Korhonen, J., Palo-Oja, O.M., El-Nezami, H., and Kolehmainen, M. (2020). Harnessing microbes for sustainable development: Food fermentation as a tool for improving the nutritional quality of alternative protein sources. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041020"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusuf, H.A., Piao, M., Ma, T., Huo, R., and Tu, Y. (2021). Effect of lactic acid bacteria and yeast supplementation on anti-nutritional factors and chemical composition of fermented total mixed ration containing cottonseed meal or rapeseed meal. Anim. Biosci., 35.","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.21.0270"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Komatsu, R.S. (2017). Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o do Perfil Metab\u00f3lico e Epidemiol\u00f3gico de Vacas Leiteiras Mesti\u00e7as No P\u00f3s-Parto, University Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74313-0","article-title":"Effects of feeding milk replacer once versus twice daily on glucose metabolism in Holstein and Jersey calves","volume":"85","author":"Stanley","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stellaard, F. (2022). From dietary cholesterol to blood cholesterol, physiological lipid fluxes, and cholesterol homeostasis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081643"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varghese, D.S., and Ali, B.R. (2021). Pathological crosstalk between oxidized LDL and ER stress in human diseases: A comprehensive review. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.674103"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Richter, K.P. (2009). Diseases of the liver and hepatobiliary system. Handbook of Small Animal Gastroenterology, Saunders."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-021419-083952","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiome in cattle production and health: Driver or passenger","volume":"8","author":"Neves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Y., Zhang, R., Fang, L., Qin, X., Cai, M., Gu, R., and Wang, Y. (2019). Hypoglycemic effects and biochemical mechanisms of Pea oligopeptide on high-fat diet and streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. J. Food Biochem., 43.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13055"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shtossel, O., Koren, O., Shai, I., Rinott, E., and Louzoun, Y. (2024). Gut microbiome-metabolome interactions predict host condition. Microbiome, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01737-1"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jansma, J., and El Aidy, S. (2021). Understanding the host-microbe interactions using metabolic modeling. Microbiome, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00955-1"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, L., Xie, F., Sun, D., Liu, J., Zhu, W., and Mao, S. (2019). Ruminal microbiome-host crosstalk stimulates the development of the ruminal epithelium in a lamb model. Microbiome, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0701-y"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex300","article-title":"Screening lactic acid bacteria to manufacture two-stage fermented feed and pelleting to investigate the feeding effect on broilers","volume":"97","author":"Yeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2017.06.009","article-title":"Rumen microbiome, probiotics, and fermentation additives","volume":"33","author":"McCann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huuki, H., Ahvenj\u00e4rvi, S., Lidauer, P., Popova, M., Vilkki, J., Vanhatalo, A., and Tapio, I. (2022). Fresh rumen liquid inoculant enhances the rumen microbial community establishment in pre-weaned dairy calves. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.758395"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, K., Shi, B., and Na, R. (2023). The colonization of rumen microbiota and intervention in pre-weaned ruminants. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13060994"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"skab114","article-title":"Changes in nutrient balance, methane emissions, physiologic biomarkers, and production performance in goats fed different forage-to-concentrate ratios during lactation","volume":"99","author":"Loor","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126104","article-title":"Cosubstrate strategy for enhancing lignocellulose degradation during rumen fermentation in vitro: Characteristics and microorganism composition","volume":"250","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"2074","article-title":"Effects of different dietary energy and rumen-degradable protein levels on rumen fermentation, nutrients apparent digestibility and blood biochemical constituents of Chinese crossbred yellow bulls","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.120","article-title":"Analysis of human and animal fecal microbiota for microbial source tracking","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-013-0336-3","article-title":"Comparative analysis of microbial profiles in cow rumen fed with different dietary fiber by tagged 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing","volume":"67","author":"Thoetkiattikul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00125-06","article-title":"Characterization of the primary starch utilization operon in the obligate anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis: Regulation by carbon source and oxygen","volume":"188","author":"Spence","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2012.09.001","article-title":"Pseudoscardovia suis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Bifidobacteriaceae isolated from the digestive tract of wild pigs (Sus scrofa)","volume":"36","author":"Killer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-010-0206-6","article-title":"Carbohydrate metabolism in Bifidobacteria","volume":"6","author":"Pokusaeva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2015.03.029","article-title":"Measurement of glycolysis reactants by high-throughput solid phase extraction with tandem mass spectrometry: Characterization of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase as a case study","volume":"482","author":"Rye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"61","article-title":"Effects of dietary protein source on growth performance, feed utilization and digestive enzyme activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"6","author":"Agh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2022.2109521","article-title":"Effects of enzymolytic soybean meal on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, some serum indexes, carcase performance and meat quality of Rex rabbits","volume":"21","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(59)90610-1","article-title":"Reactions of proteins with gossypol","volume":"84","author":"Lyman","year":"1959","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6456","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)62630-4","article-title":"Inhibition of pepsinogen activation by gossypol","volume":"245","author":"Tanksley","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1021\/pr301201x","article-title":"Protein digestion: An overview of the available techniques and recent developments","volume":"12","author":"Switzar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Gut barrier in health and disease: Focus on childhood","volume":"19","author":"Viggiano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2017.10.006","article-title":"Enteric immunity: Happy gut, healthy animal","volume":"34","author":"Chase","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91965","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20555","article-title":"Administration of alpha-ketoglutarate improves epithelial restitution under stress injury in early-weaning piglets","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00536.2015","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial barrier function and tight junction proteins with heat and exercise","volume":"120","author":"Dokladny","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13357","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13357","article-title":"Regulation of the intestinal barrier by nutrients: The role of tight junctions","volume":"91","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-017-1557-x","article-title":"Layered defense: How mucus and tight junctions seal the intestinal barrier","volume":"95","author":"Capaldo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idrees, M., Imran, M., Atiq, N., Zahra, R., Abid, R., Alreshidi, M., and Ghazanfar, S. (2022). Probiotics, their action modality and the use of multi-omics in metamorphosis of commensal microbiota into target-based probiotics. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.959941"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Gao, T., Hao, Z., Guo, X., and Zhu, B. (2022). Anaerobic solid-state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis for digesting free gossypol and improving nutritional quality in cottonseed meal. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1017637"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Ding, Z., Pu, Q., Xue, B., Yue, S., Guan, S., and Xue, B. (2022). Rumen fermentation and microbiome responses to enzymatic hydrolysate of cottonseed protein supplementation in continuous in vitro culture. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12162113"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lefort, C., and Cani, P.D. (2021). The liver under the spotlight: Bile acids and oxysterols as pivotal actors controlling metabolism. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020400"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c04259","article-title":"LC\/MS-based global metabolomic identification of serum biomarkers differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from chronic hepatitis B and liver cirrhosis","volume":"6","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05036-7","article-title":"The interaction between intratumoral bacteria and metabolic distortion in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200010193431604","article-title":"Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis","volume":"343","author":"Chan","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199508000-00003","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in primary cadaveric renal allograft recipients","volume":"60","author":"Sollinger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Transplantation"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/18\/2652\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:43:19Z","timestamp":1760035399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/18\/2652"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15182652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15182652","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]}}}