{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:06:45Z","timestamp":1791360405008,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sheep and goats are essential in many parts of the world, providing meat, milk, and fiber while also aiding rural and low-income communities. The cost of feeding is a major factor in the overall expenses of animal production. Therefore, it is crucial to improve nutrient utilization and accurately assess nutrient needs. Sheep and goats in different parts of the world are raised under different systems influenced by variations in environmental conditions. In tropical areas, sheep and goats often consume low-quality diets that do not meet their production requirements. These substandard diets, which include high-fiber feeds like straw or hay, are commonly provided to small ruminants and can adversely impact their feed intake, digestion, and nutrient absorption. To address these shortcomings, these feeds are usually supplemented with high-energy and protein-rich ingredients. This is achieved by enhancing low-quality feeds and employing strategies such as enriched feed blocks. However, the feeding practices and utilization of sheep and goats are influenced by various factors, including climate, breed, and production system, all of which are critical to consider when assessing their feeding needs. For example, animals that are mobile, such as those in nomadic or grazing systems, expend considerable energy on movement, which requires supplementation. Additionally, an animal\u2019s body size, shaped by genetics, affects chewing rate, rumen pH, and bacterial composition. Meat production factors may be improved with proper use of NFs in small ruminants. This review explores the dietary needs of sheep and goats in relation to different production factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15182658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T08:55:02Z","timestamp":1757580902000},"page":"2658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Nutrient Utilization and Requirements in Sheep and Goats Raised Under Different Systems and Fed Low Nutritional Novel Feeds for Meat Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Osman","family":"Mahgoub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Consulting, London, ON L9T 7W2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur El Huda I. E.","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Consulting, London, ON L9T 7W2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9254-1044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Hawaii, Hilo, HI 96720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"701","article-title":"Nutrition Chapter","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Benson","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Sheep Industry Association, Sheep Production Handbook, 2003 ed."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"18","article-title":"Sheep and goat nutrition: Newer concepts and emerging challenges","volume":"16","author":"Sahoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Small Rumin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1976.434879x","article-title":"Intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization of tropical natural grass hay by goats and sheep","volume":"43","author":"Gihad","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(78)83679-0","article-title":"Forage utilization and nutrient requirements of the goat","volume":"61","author":"Huston","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-35982010001300037","article-title":"Nutritional management to improve sheep and goat performances in semiarid regions","volume":"39","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2008.03.008","article-title":"Feeding strategies to increase small ruminant production in dry environments","volume":"77","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4488(99)00040-1","article-title":"Effects of grain supplementation on the intake and digestibility of range diets consumed by goats","volume":"34","author":"Kawas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR19900016","article-title":"Factors affecting the utilization of poor-quality forages by ruminants particularly under tropical conditions","volume":"3","author":"Leng","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2005.06.035","article-title":"Fibre digestion and utilization in goats","volume":"60","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(99)75291-4","article-title":"Influence of feed intake and source of dietary carbohydrate on the metabolic response to propionate and glucose challenges in lactating goats","volume":"82","author":"Schmidely","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhou, J., Lu, M., Zhao, S., Li, W., Quan, G., and Xue, B. (2024). Effects of dietary energy levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen barrier and microflora in sheep. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14172525"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(78)83595-4","article-title":"Relation of hormonal variations to nutritional studies and metabolism of ruminants","volume":"61","author":"Trenkle","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1978.461255x","article-title":"Influence of dietary energy, protein and biological type of steer upon rate of gain and carcass characteristics","volume":"46","author":"Ferrell","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1979.493790x","article-title":"Effects of sex, diet and stage of growth upon energy utilization by lambs","volume":"49","author":"Ferrell","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4488(99)00132-7","article-title":"Effects of dietary energy density on feed intake, body weight gain and carcass chemical composition of Omani growing lambs","volume":"37","author":"Mahgoub","year":"2000","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859601008899","article-title":"Energy and protein utilisation for maintenance and growth in Omani ram lambs in hot climates. I. Estimates of energy requirements and efficiency","volume":"136","author":"Early","year":"2001a","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci. Camb."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859601008905","article-title":"Energy and protein utilization for maintenance and growth in Omani ram lambs in hot climates. II. Composition of tissue growth and nitrogen metabolism","volume":"136","author":"Early","year":"2001b","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci. Camb."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"MFD Veterinary Manual (2025, March 20). 2025 Pugh D.G. Nutritional Requirements of Sheep By DVM, MS. Auburn University Reviewed\/Revised Aug|Modified Sept 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.msdvetmanual.com\/management-and-nutrition\/nutrition-sheep\/nutritional-requirements-of-sheep."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"FAO (Food & Agriculture Organization) (2025, March 20). Nutrition and Management of Sheep and Goats. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/ah221e\/AH221E05.htm#."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12628","article-title":"Effect of feeding complete feed block containing rumen protected protein, non-protein nitrogen and rumen protected fat on improving body condition and carcass traits of cull ewes","volume":"101","author":"Bhatt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morand-Fehr, P. (1991). Mineral nutrition of goats. Goat Nutrition, Pudoc. EAAP Publication No. 46.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004684614"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0189","article-title":"Learned appetites for calcium, phosphorus, and sodium in sheep","volume":"86","author":"Villalba","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1982.542410x","article-title":"Free choice consumption of minerals by lambs fed calcium-adequate or calcium-deficient diets","volume":"54","author":"Burghardi","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Agricultural Research Council (ARC) (1980). The Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. CABI Record Number: 19812609956."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, X., Zhao, X., Danzeng, B., Li, Y., Larbi, A., Yang, H., Zhao, Y., You, Z., Xue, B., and Quan, G. (2024). Calcium requirement of Yunnan semi-fine wool rams (Ovis aries) based on growth performance, calcium utilization, and selected serum biochemical indexes. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14111681"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859612000585","article-title":"Calcium and phosphorus utilization in growing sheep supplemented with dicalcium phosphate","volume":"151","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.22358\/jafs\/69803\/1995","article-title":"The effects of calcium and sodium loading on organic matter digestibility and mineral absorption in sheep. 1. Digestion in the forestomachs and small intestine","volume":"4","author":"Leontowicz","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Anim. Feed Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"National Research Council (NRC) (1981). Nutritional Energetics of Domestics Animals and Glossary of Energy Terms, National Academy Science Letters. Available online: http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/catalog\/4963.html."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2006.05.015","article-title":"Sheep select combinations of high and low sodium chloride, energy and crude protein feed that improve their diet","volume":"105","author":"Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Qi, K., and Lu, C.D. (,  1996). Sulfur and sulfur-containing amino acid requirements for meat, milk and mohair production in goats. In Proceeding of the 6th International Conference on Goats, Beijing, China. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/307902682."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-4488(93)90046-K","article-title":"Sulfate supplementation of Angora goats: Sulfur metabolism and interactions with zinc, copper and molybdenum","volume":"11","author":"Qi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.2527\/1993.7161579x","article-title":"Sulfate supplementation of growing goats: Effects on performance, acid-base balance, and nutrient digestibilities","volume":"71","author":"Qi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crilly, J.P., and Plate, P. (2022). Anaemia in lambs and kids reared indoors on maternal milk and the impact of iron supplementation on haemoglobin levels and growth rates. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12141863"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345254","article-title":"Iodine supplementation restores fertility of sheep exposed to iodine deficiency","volume":"26","author":"Ferri","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.22271\/veterinary.2024.v9.i5e.1723","article-title":"A comprehensive review of iodine deficiency in goats","volume":"9","author":"Naveen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1071\/AR9690889","article-title":"Studies of zinc nutrition in sheep. I. The relation of zinc to growth, testicular development, and spermatogenesis in young rams","volume":"20","author":"Underwood","year":"1969","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2009.06.007","article-title":"Selenium supplementation influences growth performance, antioxidant status and immune response in lambs","volume":"153","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.11.070191.001005","article-title":"The interactions between copper, molybdenum, and sulfur in ruminant nutrition","volume":"11","author":"Suttle","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annual Rev. Nut."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Underwood, E.J., and Suttle, N.F. (1999). The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock, CABI Publishing. [3rd ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.cabidigitallibrary.org\/doi\/book\/10.1079\/9780851991283.0000.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851991283.0000"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Whitehurst, B. (2025, March 02). Mineral Supplementation of Beef Cattle in the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University Extension Services. Available online: https:\/\/objects.lib.uidaho.edu\/uiext\/uiext33188.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"101219","article-title":"Review: Update of nutritional requirements of goats for growth and pregnancy in hot environments","volume":"18","author":"Teixeira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7393620","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7393620","article-title":"Meeting the vitamin a requirement: The efficacy and importance of \u03b2-carotene in animal species","volume":"2016","author":"Green","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"txac026","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txac026","article-title":"Mineral and vitamin supplementation on sheep farms: A survey of practices and farmer knowledge","volume":"6","author":"Hession","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1986.622543x","article-title":"Potential nutritional strategies for intensively managed cattle during thermal stress","volume":"62","author":"Beede","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC) (1993). Energy and Protein Requirements of Ruminants, CAB International."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1439","article-title":"Nutritional requirements of sheep, goats and cattle in warm climates: A meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Salah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2005.06.006","article-title":"Energy needs of the free-ranging goat","volume":"60","author":"Lachica","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2008.10.013","article-title":"Grazing itineraries and forage selection of goats in the Jabal al Akhdar mountain range of northern Oman","volume":"73","author":"Schlecht","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2005.10.005","article-title":"Seasonal trends of macro and micro minerals in 10 browse species that grow in north-eastern Mexico","volume":"128","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859699008357","article-title":"Seasonal changes in nutrient intake and its utilization by range goats in a semi-arid region of India","volume":"135","author":"Shinde","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.)"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Energy expenditure of sheep and goats at pasture\u2014A Review","volume":"13","author":"Shinde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Small Rumin."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19900103","article-title":"Protein and energy requirement for maintenance of indigenous Grandina goats","volume":"63","author":"Prieto","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brit. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19900104","article-title":"Protein and energy metabolism of lactating Grandina goats","volume":"63","author":"Aguilera","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brit. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731110001783","article-title":"Adjusting homestead feeding to requirements and nutrient intake of grazing goats on semi-arid, subtropical highland pastures","volume":"5","author":"Dickhoefer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2003.11.002","article-title":"Social changes, economic performance and development: The case of goat production in Oman","volume":"54","author":"Zaibet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2004.06.005","article-title":"Potential of Omani Jebel Akhdar goat for meat production under feedlot conditions","volume":"56","author":"Mahgoub","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2006.07.011","article-title":"Effects of feeding ensiled date palm fronds and a by-product concentrate on performance and meat quality of Omani sheep","volume":"135","author":"Mahgoub","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1989.67102565x","article-title":"Composition of the whole body and component fractions in mature ewes from seven breeds","volume":"67","author":"Olthoff","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4488(97)00055-2","article-title":"Growth, body composition and carcass tissue distribution in goats of large and small sizes","volume":"27","author":"Mahgoub","year":"1998","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4488(03)00119-6","article-title":"Deriving nutrient requirements of growing Indian sheep under tropical conditions using performance and intake data emanated from feeding trials conducted in different research institutes","volume":"50","author":"Paul","year":"2003","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"National Research Council (NRC) (2007). Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants, National Academy of Sciences. Available online: https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/11654\/nutrient-requirements-of-small-ruminants-sheep-goats-cervids-and-new."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2004.09.015","article-title":"Deriving nutrient requirements of growing Indian goats under tropical condition","volume":"58","author":"Mandal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Singh, N.P., Sankhyan, S.K., and Shinde, A.K. (2004). Animal Nutrition and Feed Resource Development Research, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute. Available online: https:\/\/www.cabidigitallibrary.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.5555\/20053159126."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4488(00)00129-2","article-title":"Growth performance of Malpura and crossbred lambs under intensive feeding","volume":"37","author":"Karim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Kearl, L.C. (2025, February 20). Nutrient Requirements of Ruminants in Developing Countries. All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 4183. Available online: https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/4183."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.2527\/1990.6861751x","article-title":"Feed intake and weight gain of growing goats fed diets of various energy and protein levels","volume":"68","author":"Lu","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Chadhokar, P.A. (1984). Non-Conventional Feed Resources for Livestock in Soil and Water Conservation Program, Community Forestry and Soil Conservation Development Department, Ministry of Agric, FAO. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/342563917."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1000115","article-title":"Non-conventional feed resources for small ruminants","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Hlth. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-018-0313-8","article-title":"Application of some trees\/shrubs in ruminant feeding: A review","volume":"94","author":"Seidavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agrofor. Syst."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00039a026","article-title":"Isolation of tannins from leaves of some trees and shrubs and their properties","volume":"42","author":"Makkar","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"73","article-title":"Nutrient utilization of Prosopis cineraria leaves by desert sheep and goats","volume":"19","author":"Bohra","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann. Arid. Zone"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4488(96)00942-X","article-title":"Foraging behaviour of goats and sheep on Mediterranean kermes oak shrublands","volume":"24","author":"Papachristou","year":"1997","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"570","article-title":"A disparity effect of polyethylene glycols on comparative feed efficiency and growth performance of sheep and goats fed high tannin diet","volume":"15","author":"Kibreab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Vet."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.31248\/JASP2018.096","article-title":"Effect of secondary compounds on nutrients utilization and productivity of ruminant animals: A review","volume":"5","author":"Ebrahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2011.01172.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the relationship between dietary tannin level and methane formation in ruminants from in vivo and in vitro experiments","volume":"96","author":"Jayanegara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2021.100214","article-title":"Effect of tannins from tropical plants on methane production from ruminants: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Foggi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/117.5.919","article-title":"Alfalfa saponins affect site and extent of nutrient digestion in ruminants","volume":"117","author":"Lu","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"29","article-title":"Effect of anti-quality substances on utilization of leave protein by animals","volume":"26","author":"Lu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Wld. Rev. Anim. Prod."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5902","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3500","article-title":"Host specificity of the ruminal bacterial community in the dairy cow following near-total exchange of ruminal contents","volume":"93","author":"Weimer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2019.01.011","article-title":"Effects of tannins and saponins contained in foliage of Gliricidia sepium and pods of Enterolobium cyclocarpum on fermentation, methane emissions and rumen microbial population in crossbred heifers","volume":"251","author":"Burgos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"21","article-title":"Utilization of tannin containing shrub legumes for small ruminant production in Indonesia","volume":"20","author":"Wina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indones. Bul. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12697","article-title":"An advanced reference genome of Trifolium subterraneum L. reveals genes related to agronomic performance","volume":"15","author":"Kaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Biotech. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2008.70336","article-title":"In vitro methanogenesis, microbial profile and fermentation of green forages with buffalo rumen liquor as influenced by 2-bromoethanesulphonic acid","volume":"21","author":"Agarwal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asian Austral. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.14.0325","article-title":"Effect of tannin and species variation on in vitro digestibility, gas and methane production of tropical browse plants","volume":"28","author":"Gemeda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian-Australs. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.2527\/2000.784810x","article-title":"Polyethylene glycol as a means for reducing the impact of condensed tannins in carob pulp: Effects on lamb growth performance and meat quality","volume":"78","author":"Priolo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"214","article-title":"Polyethylene glycol improves the utilization of a high tannin forage in sheep","volume":"26","author":"Kebede","year":"2014","journal-title":"Livest. Res. Rural Develop."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Cavazos, Z., Rico-Costilla, D.S., Moreno-Degollado, G., Hern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez, S.P., Mendez-Zamora, G., Ramos-Zayas, Y., and Kawas, J.R. (2023). Nitrogen utilization in goats consuming buffelgrass hay and molasses-based blocks with incremental urea levels. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13213370"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"852","article-title":"Nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation characteristics and ciliate protozoa population in sheep and goats under stall feeding","volume":"71","author":"Santra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Xu, G., Yang, D., Tu, Y., Zhang, J., Ma, T., and Diao, Q. (2024). Effects of feed ingredients with different protein-to-fat ratios on growth, slaughter performance and fat deposition of small-tail han lambs. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14060859"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731107284058","article-title":"Effect of complete feed blocks or grazing and supplementation of lambs on performance, nutrient utilisation, rumen fermentation and rumen microbial enzymes","volume":"1","author":"Raghuvansi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-4488(91)90009-F","article-title":"Effects of acid detergent fibre intake on early postpartum milk production and chewing activities in dairy goats fed alfalfa hay","volume":"6","author":"Santini","year":"1991","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(92)77755-8","article-title":"Dietary fibre and milk yield, mastication, digestion and rate of passage in high Alpine goats fed alfalfa hay","volume":"75","author":"Santini","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1979.4951292x","article-title":"Forage intake and rumination by sheep","volume":"49","author":"Bae","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1982.544885x","article-title":"Rumination, particle size and passage from the rumen","volume":"54","author":"Welch","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(87)80163-7","article-title":"Implication of forage particle length on chewing activities and milk production in dairy goats","volume":"70","author":"Lu","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74695-4","article-title":"Effects of a nonforage diet on milk production, energy, and nitrogen metabolism in dairy goats throughout lactation","volume":"84","author":"Bava","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"55","article-title":"Intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation of ground and whole maize bran fed to American Alpine goats","volume":"34","author":"Franz","year":"2004","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-4488(91)90048-U","article-title":"Influence of forage-to-concentrate ratios on intake, digestibility, chewing, and milk production of dairy goats","volume":"4","author":"Kawas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3114","DOI":"10.2527\/1998.76123114x","article-title":"Manipulating ruminal fermentation: A microbial ecological perspective","volume":"76","author":"Weimer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.16.0954","article-title":"Effects of dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio on nutrient digestibility and enteric methane production in growing goats (Capra hircus hircus) and Sika deer (Cervus nippon hortulorum)","volume":"30","author":"Na","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1142","article-title":"Effects of forage:concentrate ratio and forage type on apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and microbial growth in goats","volume":"87","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800015678","article-title":"Effect of forage to concentrate ratio on comparative digestion in sheep, goats and fallow deer","volume":"64","author":"Ramanzin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3126\/narj.v8i0.11595","article-title":"Use of rice straw and black gram straw in fodder based goat\u2019s diets in the hills of nepal","volume":"8","author":"Upreti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nepal Agric. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Owen, E., Wahed, R.A., Alimon, R., and El-Naiem, W. (2025, February 10). Strategies for Feeding Straw to Small Ruminants: Upgrading or Generous Feeding to Allow Selective Feeding. FAO. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/x5490e\/x5490e02.htm."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2023.106907","article-title":"Effect of straw particle size in high grain complete pelleted diet on growth performance, rumen pH, feeding behavior, nutrient digestibility, blood and carcass indices of fattening male goats","volume":"219","author":"Khurshid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-181X.2015.00028.1","article-title":"effect of concentrate supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits and meat composition of Sirohi kids under field condition","volume":"15","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2006.10.008","article-title":"Effect of different levels of concentrate allowances on rumen fluid pH, nutrient digestion, nitrogen retention and growth performance of weaner lambs","volume":"72","author":"Tripathi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"81","article-title":"Effects of various levels of metabolizable energy on chemical composition of whole carcass and non-carcass portion of goats and sheep","volume":"34","author":"Mahgoub","year":"2004","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.H., Wildeus, S., O\u2019Brien, D., and Kouakou, B. (2024). Impact of agro-byproduct supplementation on carcass traits and meat quality of hair sheep and wool \u00d7 hair crossbreds grazing on fescue pasture. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14081217"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2009.12.050","article-title":"Strategic nutrient supplementation of free-ranging goats","volume":"89","author":"Kawas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, M., Garcia-Santos, S., Carloto, D., Arantes, A., Lorenzo, J.M., Silva, J.A., Santos, V., Azevedo, J., Guedes, C., and Ferreira, L. (2022). Introducing Mediterranean lupins in lamb diets: Effects on carcass composition, meat quality, and intramuscular fatty acid profile. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12141758"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2025.2455501","article-title":"Tobacco cv. Solaris seed cake as feed for light lambs: Growth performance, carcase traits and meat quality","volume":"24","author":"Fatica","year":"2025","journal-title":"Italian J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2021.114815","article-title":"Effects of dietary pomegranate seed cake supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of growing lambs","volume":"273","author":"Kotsampasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.56093\/ijans.v93i9.129508","article-title":"Effect of supplementary concentrate feeding to lambs on the growth performance and body morphometry","volume":"93","author":"Mohanty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"168","article-title":"Effect of maternal feeding in late pregnancy on behaviour and performance of Egyptian goat and sheep and their offspring","volume":"11","author":"Mahboub","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Vet."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aky\u00fcz, B., Sohel, M.M.H., Konca, Y., Arslan, K., G\u00fcrbulak, K., Abay, M., Kaliber, M., White, S.N., and Cinar, M.U. (2024). Effects of Low and High Maternal Protein Intake on Fetal Skeletal Muscle iRNAome in Sheep. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202403.1208.v1"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Yan, Q., Yang, H., Ren, A., Kong, Z., Tang, S., Han, X., He, Z., Bamikole, M.A., and Tan, Z. (2019). Effects of Maternal Undernutrition during Mid-Gestation on the Yield, Quality and Composition of Kid Meat Under an Extensive Management System. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9040173"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118001933","article-title":"Nutrigenomics of marbling and fatty acid profile in ruminant meat","volume":"12","author":"Ladeira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arafath, S., Hasan, M., Sultana, J., Alam, H., Khatun, A., and Moniruzzaman, M. (2024). Influence of maternal dietary protein during late gestation on performance of black bengal does and their kids. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14192783"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/18\/2658\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:43:40Z","timestamp":1760035420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/18\/2658"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15182658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15182658","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]}}}