{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T20:59:41Z","timestamp":1789678781604,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"APQ1 FAPERJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E26\/211.603\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E26\/211.603\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"APQ1 FAPERJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["406106\/2023-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406106\/2023-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq) Universal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E26\/211.603\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E26\/211.603\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq) Universal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["406106\/2023-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406106\/2023-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS)","award":["E26\/211.603\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E26\/211.603\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS)","award":["406106\/2023-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406106\/2023-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The identification of estrus at the right moment allows for a higher success of fecundity with artificial insemination. Evaluating changes in body surface temperature of sows during the estrus period using an infrared thermography camera (ITC) can provide an accurate model to predict these changes. This pilot study comprised nine crossbred Large White x Landrace sows, providing 59 data records for analysis. Observed changes in the behavior and physiological signs of the sows signaled the identification of estrus. Images of the ocular area, ear tips, breast, back, vulva, and perianal area were collected with the ITC. The images were analyzed using the FLIR Thermal Studio Starter software. Infrared mean temperatures were reported and compared using ANOVA and Tukey\u2013Kramer tests (p &lt; 0.05). Supervised machine learning models were tested using random forest (RF), Conditional inference trees (Ctree), Partial least squares (PLS), and K-nearest neighbors (KNN), and the method performance was measured using a confusion matrix. The orbital region showed significant differences between estrus and non-estrus states in sows. In the confusion matrix, the algorithm predicted estrus with 87% accuracy in the test set, which contained 40% of the data, when agitated behavior was combined with orbital area temperature. These findings suggest the potential for integrating behavioral and physiological observations with orbital thermography and machine learning to detect estrus in sows under field conditions accurately.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15192798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T12:48:28Z","timestamp":1758804508000},"page":"2798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Combined Infrared Thermography and Agitated Behavior in Sows Improve Estrus Detection When Applied to Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6636-9702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leila Cristina Salles","family":"Moura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Graduate Program, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Serop\u00e9dica 23897-000, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7860-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janaina Palermo","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0499-8296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yann Malini","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Graduate Program, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Serop\u00e9dica 23897-000, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Animal Biosciences, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4741-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rayna Sousa Vieira","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Graduate Program, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Serop\u00e9dica 23897-000, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8545-641X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Assis","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Graduate Program, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Serop\u00e9dica 23897-000, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7564-6127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana Ribeiro","family":"Caldara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1601-5488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca Thais","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8000-2166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jansller Luiz","family":"Genova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Vi\u00e7osa (UFV), Vi\u00e7osa 36570-900, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9622-2844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Kiefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4175-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano","family":"Hauschild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d (FCAV\/UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0126-0029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luan Sousa","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Graduate Program, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Serop\u00e9dica 23897-000, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ABCS (2014). 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