{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:08:02Z","timestamp":1758931682779,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU","award":["INDI 16\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INDI 16\/19"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU","award":["GIR 23\/42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GIR 23\/42"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to generate foundational metabolomic data of aqueous humor (AH) in healthy horses and donkeys, and to investigate potential changes or trends in the metabolomic profile associated with age, sex or ocular pathology in horses. The AH metabolomic fingerprint from 5 donkeys and 35 equine eyes (17 controls, 8 with cataracts, 6 with retinal disease and 4 with anterior chamber disease (ACD)) were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A linear mixed-effects model, with individual horse as a random effect and group as a fixed effect, with multiple testing correction using the Benjamini\u2013Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) method was used to compare groups. The metabolomic profile of the donkeys and horse\u2019s AH is very similar to that of other mammals. Threonine was higher in young horses (p = 0.04), and creatinine was elevated in males (p = 0.04). Compared with control groups, dimethyl sulfone was higher in the retina (p &lt; 0.00) and cataract (p = 0.05) groups. Arginine (p = 0.05) and valine (p = 0.03) were lower in the retina group compared to controls. This study successfully characterized the AH metabolomic profile in healthy horses and donkeys and identified several metabolites that could be associated with ocular pathology, warranting further investigation to determine their potential as biomarkers of ocular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15192810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T11:28:32Z","timestamp":1758886112000},"page":"2810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploratory Metabolomic Fingerprinting of Aqueous Humor in Healthy Horses and Donkeys, and in Horses with Ocular Pathologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4053-8863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Corradini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Facultat de Veterin\u00e0ria, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4536-7717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Jose-Cunilleras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Facultat de Veterin\u00e0ria, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2360-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pau","family":"Nolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1461-093X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Mar","family":"L\u00f3pez-Murcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9400-1490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aloma","family":"Mayordomo-Febrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3314","article-title":"Innovation: Metabolomics: The apogee of the omics trilogy","volume":"13","author":"Patti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.4292","article-title":"Metabolomics in the clinic: A review of the shared and unique features of untargeted metabolomics for clinical research and clinical testing","volume":"53","author":"Kennedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1538","article-title":"Emerging Applications of Metabolomics in Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"106","author":"Pang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1021\/ac060946c","article-title":"Monitoring diet effects via biofluids and their implications for metabolomics studies","volume":"79","author":"Gu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohmura, H., Mukai, K., Takahashi, Y., and Takahashi, T. (2021). Metabolomic analysis of skeletal muscle before and after strenuous exercise to fatigue. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90834-y"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-020-01694-y","article-title":"Plasma metabolomic profile in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer and associations with the prostate-specific antigen and the Gleason score","volume":"16","author":"Markin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.09.972","article-title":"The Emerging Role of Metabolomics in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"68","author":"Ussher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardoso, A.S., Whitby, A., Green, M.J., Kim, D., and Randall, L.V. (2024). Identification of Predictive Biomarkers of Lameness in Transition Dairy Cows. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14142030"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2012.00865.x","article-title":"Human serum metabolic profiles are age dependent","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouatra, S., Aziat, F., Mandal, R., Guo, A.C., Wilson, M.R., Knox, C., Bjorndahl, T.C., Krishnamurthy, R., Saleem, F., and Liu, P. (2013). The human urine metabolome. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073076"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Humer, E., Pieh, C., and Probst, T. (2020). Metabolomic Biomarkers in Anxiety Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134784"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-018-1403-3","article-title":"Characterization of trotter horses urine metabolome by means of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12333","article-title":"Dominant components of the Thoroughbred metabolome characterised by (1) H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: A metabolite atlas of common biofluids","volume":"47","author":"Escalona","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Psychogios, N., Hau, D.D., Peng, J., Guo, A.C., Mandal, R., Bouatra, S., Sinelnikov, I., Krishnamurthy, R., Eisner, R., and Gautam, B. (2011). The human serum metabolome. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016957"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sgaa032","DOI":"10.1093\/schizbullopen\/sgaa032","article-title":"Border-box, Patient Stratification Using Metabolomics to Address the Heterogeneity of Psychosis","volume":"1","author":"MacDonald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull. Open"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2014.00118","article-title":"Feasibility of Metabolomics Analysis of Dialysate Effluents from Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Equilibration Testing","volume":"35","author":"Csaicsich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-022-01938-z","article-title":"A metabolic biomarker panel of restless legs syndrome in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"12495","article-title":"H NMR metabolomic profiling of human cerebrospinal fluid in aging process","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazzano, M., Laghi, L., Zhu, C., Lotito, E., Sgariglia, S., Tesei, B., and Laus, F. (2020). Exercise Induced Changes in Salivary and Serum Metabolome in Trained Standardbred, Assessed by. Metabolites, 10, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32708237.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10070298"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laus, F., Gialletti, R., Bazzano, M., Laghi, L., Dini, F., and Marchegiani, A. (2023). Synovial Fluid Metabolome Can Differentiate between Healthy Joints and Joints Affected by Osteoarthritis in Horses. Metabolites, 13, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/37623857.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13080913"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2023.105046","article-title":"Comparison of the metabolite profile of donkey and horse seminal plasma and its relationship with sperm viability and motility","volume":"165","author":"Nolis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666181008122749","article-title":"Metabolomics of Exhaled Breath Condensate by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry: A Methodological Approach","volume":"27","author":"Maniscalco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-016-1144-0","article-title":"Metabolomics of the human aqueous humor","volume":"13","author":"Snytnikova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6745932","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6745932","article-title":"LC-MS-Based Metabolic Fingerprinting of Aqueous Humor","volume":"2017","author":"Pietrowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109592","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomics in the aqueous humor reveals the involvement of TAAR pathway in glaucoma","volume":"234","author":"Gowtham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huo, Q., Xu, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, S., Liu, Z., and Li, J. (2025). Metabolomics analysis of aqueous humor from patients with high-myopia complicated nuclear cataract. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1454840"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.5.28","article-title":"Metabolomic Profiling of Aqueous Humor From Glaucoma Patients Identifies Metabolites with Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Potential in Mice","volume":"66","author":"Monu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110418","article-title":"Oleic acid association with primary angle-closure glaucoma: A finding using metabolomics","volume":"256","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.11.012","article-title":"Metabolomics of the aqueous humor in the rat glaucoma model induced by a series of intracamerular sodium hyaluronate injection","volume":"131","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2011.566410","article-title":"Metabolomics of rabbit aqueous humor after administration of glucocorticosteroid","volume":"36","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W398","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae253","article-title":"MetaboAnalyst 6.0: Towards a unified platform for metabolomics data processing, analysis and interpretation","volume":"52","author":"Pang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Q., Tan, P., Ma, N., and Ma, X. (2021). Physiological Functions of Threonine in Animals: Beyond Nutrition Metabolism. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082592"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422421000329","article-title":"Dietary protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults: A critical narrative review of the scientific evidence","volume":"36","author":"Nishimura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2019.06.013","article-title":"Metabolic characterization of diabetic retinopathy: An (1)H-NMR-based metabolomic approach using human aqueous humor","volume":"174","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.11.002","article-title":"Metabolomics in the study of retinal health and disease","volume":"69","author":"Lains","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, P., He, M., Teng, H., and Han, G. (2020). Metabolomic analysis of the aqueous humor from patients with central retinal vein occlusion using UHPLC-MS\/MS. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 188.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2020.113448"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-019-1495-4","article-title":"Quantitative metabolomic analysis of changes in the lens and aqueous humor under development of age-related nuclear cataract","volume":"15","author":"Yanshole","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-74180-8_10","article-title":"Role of L-Arginine in Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Health in Humans","volume":"1332","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.12.2","article-title":"Dysregulated Arginine Metabolism Is Linked to Retinal Degeneration in Cep250 Knockout Mice","volume":"64","author":"Xiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2012.03.005","article-title":"Protein misfolding and aggregation in cataract disease and prospects for prevention","volume":"18","author":"Moreau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3360001","article-title":"Arginine metabolism: Nitric oxide and beyond","volume":"336","author":"Wu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300060520934658","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520934658","article-title":"(1)H-NMR analysis of amino acid metabolism in aqueous humor of patients with cataract, according to diabetes status","volume":"48","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, X., Chen, X., Ma, H., Zheng, Z., Yang, Y., Chen, Z., Zhou, Z., Pu, J., Chen, Q., and Zheng, M. (2021). Metabolite Changes in the Aqueous Humor of Patients with Retinal Vein Occlusion Macular Edema: A Metabolomics Analysis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.762500"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25675","article-title":"1H NMR Spectroscopy Characterization of Porcine Vitreous Humor in Physiological and Photoreceptor Degeneration Conditions","volume":"60","author":"Elmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5281","DOI":"10.1021\/pr500629t","article-title":"Metabolic fingerprint of dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) in microbial-mammalian co-metabolism","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mach, N., Moroldo, M., Rau, A., Lecardonnel, J., Le Moyec, L., Robert, C., and Barrey, E. (2021). Understanding the Holobiont: Crosstalk Between Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria During Long Exercise in Horse. Front. Mol. Biosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.656204"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3844","article-title":"Doping Control Analysis of Methylsulfonylmethane in Horses","volume":"17","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-019-1533-2","article-title":"A (1)H NMR metabolomic approach for the estimation of the time since death using aqueous humour: An animal model","volume":"15","author":"Locci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad452","article-title":"Metabolites as Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A 12-Year Follow-up Study","volume":"109","author":"Hokkanen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"2971\u2013F0212","article-title":"Systemic treatment with methylsulfonylmethane protects against light-induced retinal degeneration","volume":"63","author":"Still","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"3619","article-title":"Vitreous metabolomic predictors of proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"62","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, J., Zhao, H., Chen, J., Du, J., Ni, W., Zheng, B., Wu, J., and Xiao, C. (2025). The association between dietary creatine intake and cancer in U.S. adults: Insights from NHANES 2007-2018. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1460057"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364101004010052","article-title":"Aqueous humor dynamics: A review","volume":"4","author":"Goel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Ophthalmol. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.tb05638.x","article-title":"Posterior segment diseases","volume":"42","author":"Nell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilger, B.C. (2017). Diseases of the equine vitreous and retina. Equine Ophthalmology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119047919"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30443-1","article-title":"Retinal and optic nerve diseases","volume":"8","author":"Rebhun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-118","article-title":"Experimental infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) induces chorioretinal lesions","volume":"44","author":"Hussey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/19\/2810\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T11:37:18Z","timestamp":1758886638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/19\/2810"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15192810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15192810","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]}}}