{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T15:54:31Z","timestamp":1759334071348,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hainan Modern Agricultural Production Research System","award":["HNARS-02-G02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNARS-02-G02"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["1630032024020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1630032024020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate the effects of low net-energy (NE) diets on intestinal health in Tunchang pigs, 96 animals (25.40 \u00b1 1.11 kg) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatment groups with NE levels of 9.82 (CG), 9.57 (EY1), 9.32 (EY2), and 9.07 (EY3) MJ\/kg. Each group consisted of six replicates with four pigs per replicate. The experiment lasted for 63 days. The results showed that compared with the CG, the EY2 increased jejunal villus height and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, as well as reduced crypt depth in the colon (p &lt; 0.05). Both the EY1 and EY2 demonstrated improved intestinal barrier function through upregulation of zonula occludens-1 and occludin expression in the jejunum, zonula occludens-1 in the ileum, and zonula occludens-1, occludin, and claudin-1 in the colon (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, EY2 significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, while reducing malondialdehyde content in both the jejunum and colon (p &lt; 0.05). EY2 showed significantly downregulated relative expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1\u03b2, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, and interleukin-6, in the jejunum, ileum, and colon (p &lt; 0.05). Microbial and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) analyses showed that the EY2 increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Faecalibacterium, CF231, Coprococcus, Ruminococcus, and Blautia and elevated the concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butyrate. In summary, reducing dietary NE levels to no less than 9.32 MJ\/kg improved intestinal health by modulating the gut microbiota and increasing SCFA production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15192836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T11:40:52Z","timestamp":1759146052000},"page":"2836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Moderate Reduction in Dietary Net Energy Level Enhances Intestinal Health in Tunchang Pigs via Gut Microbiota Modulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xilong","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5722-9357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongzhi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoliang","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dexin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiqi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengjie","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjin Bangde Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renlong","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2022.108898","article-title":"Pork primal cuts recognition method via computer vision","volume":"192","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.06.015","article-title":"Methodologies for energy evaluation of pig and poultry feeds: A review","volume":"8","author":"Noblet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. 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