{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:06:30Z","timestamp":1792022790588,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postpartum uterine diseases such as metritis and endometritis impair reproductive performance and cause substantial economic losses in dairy cows worldwide. The multifactorial etiology, involving polymicrobial infections and complex host immune responses, poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Traditional treatments rely on antibiotics, e.g., cephalosporins like ceftiofur and cephapirin, with broad-spectrum efficacy. However, emerging antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation by pathogens such as Trueperella pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Escherichia coli, and bacterial virulence factors have reduced effectiveness of conventional therapies. Advances in systems biology, particularly proteomics, metabolomics, and microRNA (miRNA) profiling, have provided unprecedented insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning uterine disease pathophysiology. Proteomic analyses reveal dynamic changes in inflammatory proteins and immune pathways, whereas metabolomics highlight shifts in energy metabolism and bacterial\u2013host interactions. Furthermore, miRNAs have critical roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation affecting immune modulation, inflammation, and tissue repair, and also in modulating neutrophil function and inflammatory signaling. Uterine inflammation not only disrupts local tissue homeostasis but also compromises early embryo development by altering endometrial receptivity, cytokine milieu, and oocyte quality. Integration of multi-omics approaches, combined with improved diagnostics and adjunct therapies\u2014including micronutrient supplementation and immunomodulators\u2014offers promising avenues for enhancing disease management and fertility in dairy herds. This review synthesizes current knowledge on proteomics, metabolomics, and miRNAs in postpartum uterine diseases and highlights future directions for research and clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15192841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T11:40:52Z","timestamp":1759146052000},"page":"2841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["From Infection to Infertility: Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Molecular Perspectives on Postpartum Metritis and Endometritis in Dairy Cows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1117-7867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramanathan","family":"Kasimanickam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4652-9367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priunka","family":"Bhowmik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Pullman, WA 99163, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4607-3355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Kastelic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7742-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joao","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu 18618-81, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2017-8864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanmathy","family":"Kasimanickam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Uterus of the cow after parturition: Involutional changes","volume":"29","author":"Gier","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. 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