{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:46:48Z","timestamp":1790934408014,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian National Council of Scientific and Technological Development"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004612","name":"Arauc\u00e1ria Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004612","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvGHV2) is a Macavirus and the cause of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF) in susceptible mammalian hosts worldwide. OvGHV2 may produce typical clinical manifestations of SA-MCF or subclinical infections. Additionally, OvGHV2 is associated with cutaneous lesions in ruminants, with few documented reports of this unusual manifestation worldwide. This paper presents the pathological, immunohistochemical (IHC), and molecular findings observed in outbreaks of OvGHV2-related skin infections in dairy cattle from Southern Brazil. Cutaneous scrapings (n = 35) and biopsies (n = 6) were obtained from dairy cows derived from three farms. All cows (n = 35) developed widespread, ulcerative to scaly and erythematous skin lesions, and had no contact with sheep or goats. The biopsies were evaluated for histopathological diagnosis and then used in IHC analyses designed to detect malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCFV) antigens and to evaluate the inflammatory response. All scrapings and biopsies were used in PCR assays to amplify OvGHV2. Additionally, all biopsies were used in PCR assays to detect bovine gammaherpesvirus 6 (BoGHV6), bovine alphaherpesvirus\u00a01 (BoAHV1), and poxvirus. Histopathology revealed chronic folliculitis in all biopsies. IHC detected intralesional, intracytoplasmic MCFV antigens in most (83.3%; 5\/6) of the cutaneous lesions with folliculitis. These skin lesions showed a strong T-cell response, macrophage clusters, and caspase-positive follicular keratinocytes. OvGHV2 DNA was detected in 66.7% (4\/6) of the cutaneous biopsies that contained MCFV antigens and in 8.6% (3\/35) of the cutaneous scrapings. The DNA of BoGHV6, BoAHV1, and Poxvirus was not amplified from any of the cutaneous biopsies. These findings demonstrated that OvGHV2 was associated with the cutaneous lesions in dairy cows at these farms and represent the first description of OvGHV2-related skin disease in ruminants from Brazil and the entire Latin America. A review of previous cases of skin lesions associated with infections by OvGHV2 revealed that most cases had a histological diagnosis of folliculitis, suggesting that folliculitis may be associated with OvGHV2-related skin infections. Additionally, this investigation contrasts all previous reports of OvGHV2-related skin disease in ruminants, since the infected cows herein identified were not reared concomitantly or within proximity of the asymptomatic reservoir host. Furthermore, the possible form of OvGHV2 dissemination to the susceptible cows during this study is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15192883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T08:20:28Z","timestamp":1759393228000},"page":"2883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Chronic Folliculitis Associated with Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2-Induced Infections in Dairy Cows from Southern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1614-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selwyn Arlington","family":"Headley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory (LAMSA), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade e Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Animal, Universidade Pit\u00e1goras Unopar Anhanguera, Arapongas 86702-670, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8371-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1via Helena Pereira","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3814-3114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana da Silva","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4635-5512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Torres Tomazi","family":"Fritzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0554-0252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Pinto-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonoses and Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7055-6549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geovana Depieri","family":"Yoshitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Aparecida Correa","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Paulo Benyunes","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policl\u00ednica Veterin\u00e1ria Pioneiros, Carambe\u00ed 84145-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7024-4487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amauri Alcindo","family":"Alfieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory (LAMSA), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ICTV (2024, March 03). 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