{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T10:40:04Z","timestamp":1760092804077,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Research Support of Rio de Janeiro"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of heated CO2 and forced-air warming on perioperative temperature in a rabbit model of prolonged pneumoperitoneum. Methods: Thirty-seven New Zealand rabbits, weighing an average of 3.85 kg, were divided into four experimental groups with different warming methods: the control group (CT) underwent unheated pneumoperitoneum (22 \u00b0C); another group (HP) underwent pneumoperitoneum with heated CO2 (36 \u00b0C); a third group (FA) underwent unheated pneumoperitoneum but with the use of a forced-air warming device (43 \u00b0C) positioned between the animal and the surgical table; and the fourth group of animals (HP + FA) underwent heated pneumoperitoneum with the use of a forced-air warming device. For all animals, the pneumoperitoneum was maintained for 120 min. The animals\u2019 temperature was measured immediately before sedation (I0), at the beginning of insufflation (I1, which was mandatory 60 min after I0), every 15 min during pneumoperitoneum (I2\u2013I9), and 15 min after desufflation (I10). The data were analyzed and compared by Student\u2019s t-test, ANOVA, Pearson\u2019s correlation and linear regression, considering p &lt; 0.05 as significant. Results: There was no difference between the groups regarding weight, temperature at I0, temperature at I1, volume of CO2 used, or \u0394t (I0\u2013I1). In all groups, there was a decrease in temperature when comparing the final instants (I9 or I10) with the initial instants (I0 or I1) of the study (p &lt; 0.05). However, the groups that used the forced-air warming (FA and HP + FA) had a smaller decrease in temperature and a higher final temperature, with no difference between these groups. Furthermore, these groups recovered their temperature better after deflation (from I9 to I10). For all groups, a correlation between time and temperature was observed, but in the groups that used a heated mattress, the slope of the linear regression line was smaller. Conclusions: The use of a forced-air warming system (combined or not with the use of heated CO2) reduced the heat loss during prolonged pneumoperitoneum in a small animal model. This warming method is recommended for preventing hypothermia in laparoscopic surgeries with expected prolonged surgical time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15192891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T07:57:27Z","timestamp":1759478247000},"page":"2891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of Different Warming Methods in Rabbits Subjected to Prolonged Pneumoperitoneum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4808-4060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo N. A.","family":"Curopos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urogenital Research Unit, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Damasceno-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urogenital Research Unit, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology and Clinic, Federal Fluminense University, Niter\u00f3i 24230-321, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco J. B.","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urogenital Research Unit, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3456-5029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Benchimol de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urogenital Research Unit, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100476","article-title":"Retrospective study of the prevalence of postanaesthetic hypothermia in dogs","volume":"171","author":"Redondo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2004.04003.x","article-title":"Comparison of laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy and ovariohysterectomy in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Davidson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0903-2638","article-title":"Prevention of Intraoperative Hypothermia in Laparoscopy by the Use of Body-Temperature and Humidified CO2: A Pilot Study","volume":"79","author":"Wittenborn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.03.0132","article-title":"Bilateral, single-session, laparoscopic adrenalectomy was associated with favorable outcomes in a cohort of dogs","volume":"261","author":"Farrell","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Bokhorst, K.L., Galac, S., Kooistra, H.S., de Grauw, J.C., Teske, E., Grinwis, G.C.M., and van Nimwegen, S.A. (2023). Laparoscopic vs. open adrenalectomy: Perioperative data and survival analysis in 70 dogs with an adrenal tumor. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1156801"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12655","article-title":"Outcome of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for resection of unilateral noninvasive adrenocortical tumors in 11 cats","volume":"46","author":"Mitchell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.3.368","article-title":"Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for management of a functional adrenal tumor in a cat","volume":"241","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.05.004","article-title":"Advanced laparoscopic procedures (hepatobiliary, endocrine) in dogs and cats","volume":"39","author":"Mayhew","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical and paraclinical evaluation of partial nephrectomy using laparoscopy and open surgery in dogs: New suturing technique","volume":"18","author":"Shariati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199210000-00007","article-title":"Effect of hypothermia on the coagulation cascade","volume":"20","author":"Rohrer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjaf103","article-title":"Reflective Blankets vs. Electric Warming in Preventing Hypothermia During Liposuction: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aesthetic Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP790","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjae142","article-title":"Effects of Optimal Temperature Control in Body Contouring Surgery: A Nonrandomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"44","author":"Hoyos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthetic Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7607","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-24-777","article-title":"Risk factors for intraoperative hypothermia in patients receiving lung transplants","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, L., Wang, Y., Liang, Y., Xia, T., Li, L., Xiong, W., Liu, B., Feng, Y., Liu, Y., and Jin, X. (2023). Perioperative active warming strategies in children: A protocol for a multicentre, prospective, randomized controlled trial. Front. Pediatr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1155666"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2899","article-title":"Body Temperature Regulation in Domestic Dogs After Agility Trials: The Effects of Season, Training, Body Characteristics, Age, and Genetics","volume":"343","author":"Russel","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. A Ecol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2024.08.011","article-title":"Peripheral warming for prevention of hypothermia in small dogs during soft tissue surgery: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Kudo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16151","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016151","article-title":"Clinical effects of warmed humidified carbon dioxide insufflation in infants undergoing major laparoscopic surgery","volume":"98","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.12.1321","article-title":"Effect of pneumoperitoneum with warmed humidified or standard-temperature carbon dioxide during laparoscopy on core body temperature, cardiorespiratory and thromboelastography variables, systemic inflammation, peritoneal response, and signs of postoperative pain in healthy mature dogs","volume":"79","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.14230","article-title":"Effect of heated pneumoperitoneum on body temperature in dogs undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy-A randomized controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"Ferreira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meenakshi-Sundaram, B., Furr, J.R., Malm-Buatsi, E., Boklage, B., Nguyen, E., Frimberger, D., and Palmer, B.W. (2017). Reduction in surgical fog with a warm humidified gas management protocol significantly shortens procedure time in pediatric robot-assisted laparoscopic procedures. J. Pediatr. Urol., 13.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2017.01.017"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2025.01.026","article-title":"Effects of Forced-Air Warming Blanket on Anxiety Reduction and Thermal Comfort Improvement With Physical Indicators for Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery: A Quasi-experimental Study","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. PeriAnesthesia Nurs."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1089\/ther.2021.0010","article-title":"Effect of Forced-Air Warming Blanket on Perioperative Hypothermia in Elderly Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Radical Resection of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Hypothermia Temp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.03.023","article-title":"Surgical ventricular restoration for rabbit dilated cardiomyopathy model: Preliminary study","volume":"136","author":"Isaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.22-0167","article-title":"A rabbit model of tracheal collapse for optimal self-expanding metal stents","volume":"85","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-86502009000400014","article-title":"The rabbit as an animal model for experimental surgery","volume":"24","author":"Monteiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Cir. Bras."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Percie du Sert, N., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M.T., Baker, M., Browne, W.J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I.C., Dirnagl, U., and Emerson, M. (2020). Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0. PLoS Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000411"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.1999.0301","article-title":"Warming with a forced air warming blanket minimizes anesthetic-induced hypothermia in cats","volume":"28","author":"Machon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rastas, J.P., Zhao, Q., and Johnson, R.A. (2025). Comparison of two active warming techniques on body temperature in healthy, anesthetized dogs premedicated with acepromazine or dexmedetomidine: A pilot study. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317997"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.96.14.308","article-title":"Accidental hypothermia during anaesthesia in dogs and cats","volume":"96","author":"Waterman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00981-2","article-title":"Perioperative thermoregulation and heat balance","volume":"387","author":"Sessler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199105000-00012","article-title":"Perioperative thermal insulation","volume":"74","author":"Sessler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199004000-00014","article-title":"Evaluation of a forced-air system for warming hypothermic postoperative patients","volume":"70","author":"Lennon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199008000-00005","article-title":"Skin-surface warming: Heat flux and central temperature","volume":"73","author":"Sessler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, J., Lei, Y., Xu, S., Si, Y., Li, S., Xia, Z., Shi, Y., Gu, X., Yu, J., and Xu, G. (2017). Intraoperative hypothermia and its clinical outcomes in patients undergoing general anesthesia: National study in China. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177221"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100184","article-title":"Retrospective study of the prevalence of postanaesthetic hypothermia in cats","volume":"170","author":"Redondo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.251.4.443","article-title":"Outcome of laparoscopic ovariectomy and laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy in dogs: 278 cases (2003\u20132013)","volume":"251","author":"Corriveau","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00280.x","article-title":"Comparison of three techniques for ovarian pedicle hemostasis during laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy","volume":"36","author":"Mayhew","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noll, E., Diemunsch, S., Pottecher, J., Rameaux, J.P., Diana, M., Sauleau, E., Ruetzler, K., and Diemunsch, P. (2018). Prevention of laparoscopic surgery induced hypothermia with warmed humidified insufflation: Is the experimental combination of a warming blanket synergistic?. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199369"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/19\/2891\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T10:07:35Z","timestamp":1760090855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/19\/2891"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15192891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15192891","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]}}}