{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T03:45:39Z","timestamp":1775187939916,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ghent University"},{"name":"Marine Institute-EMFF"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The adrenal glands are central to the stress response in cetaceans, yet their morphological and molecular changes under chronic stress remain poorly described. We investigated adrenal histology and protein composition in stranded common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) to assess whether post-mortem material can provide insights into stress physiology. Adrenal glands from 58 dolphins recovered along the Irish coast during a period of reported nutritional stress in the species were analyzed for adrenal mass, cortex-to-medulla (C:M) ratios, and cortical cell density. Additionally, two archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues were included in a pilot trial to assess the feasibility of protein extraction and mass spectrometry analysis. While adrenal mass did not differ significantly between stress types, chronically stressed dolphins exhibited significantly higher C:M ratios and cortical mass, consistent with cortical hypertrophy. Protein extraction from FFPE tissues was feasible, with the in-gel digestion method yielding more proteins (136) than the filter-aided sample preparation method (22). These findings demonstrate that histological and proteomic approaches can detect stress-related signatures in dolphins and highlight the potential of archival tissues for retrospective biomarker discovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15192924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T10:35:36Z","timestamp":1760006136000},"page":"2924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Histological and Proteomic Approaches to Assessing the Adrenal Stress Response in Common Dolphins (Delphinus delphis)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Medina Santana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, School of Veterinary, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Atlantic Technological University, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Orla","family":"Slattery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, School of Veterinary, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Atlantic Technological University, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Analytical, Biopharmaceutical and Medical Science, School of Life Sciences, Atlantic Technological University, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3323-9725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jim","family":"O\u2019Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Model Farm Road, T12 XD51 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sin\u00e9ad","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, School of Veterinary, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Atlantic Technological University, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0928-4680(95)00035-6","article-title":"Adrenocortical Color Darkness and Correlates as Indicators of Continuous Acute Premortem Stress in Chased and Purse-Seine Captured Male Dolphins","volume":"2","author":"Myrick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Chu, B., Marwaha, K., Sanvictores, T., Awosika, A.O., and Ayers, D. 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