{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T13:39:57Z","timestamp":1770730797270,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pamir Yak Breed Improvement and Innovation Application Project","award":["KS20240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KS20240"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U23A20227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U23A20227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Tianchi Talent Research Program","award":["TCYC-TP2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCYC-TP2023"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022KJ137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ZR2023MC164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023MC164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The colon plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and intestinal health of ruminants during various physiological stages. Plateau ruminants have long been subjected to extreme environments characterized by hypoxia, cold, and nutritional scarcity, which makes their dependence on energy metabolism particularly pronounced. However, existing research on the regulatory effects of dietary energy levels on the colonic function of plateau ruminants is still quite limited. This study involved 60 healthy male Pamir yaks with consistent body conditions, which were randomly divided into three groups: a low-energy diet group (YG, Neg 1.53 MJ\/kg), a medium-energy diet group (QG, Neg 2.12 MJ\/kg), and a high-energy diet group (RG, Neg 2.69 MJ\/kg). Each yak was provided with 5 kg of mixed feed daily over a 170-day feeding trial. The results indicated that a high-energy diet enhanced growth performance in yaks (p &lt; 0.05). However, it also induced local colonic inflammation, decreased levels of immune factors (IgA, IgG, and IL-10), and increased the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as Klebsiella and Campylobacter (p &lt; 0.05). Conversely, a medium-energy diet fostered the proliferation of beneficial bacteria such as Bradymonadales, Parabacteroides, and Mogibacterium (p &lt; 0.05), and preserved immune homeostasis. Additionally, multi-omics analysis revealed that the QG group was significantly enriched in key metabolic pathways, including pyruvate metabolism and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism and panto-thenate and CoA biosynthesis pathways, among others (p &lt; 0.05), demonstrating a synergistic regulatory effect among the microbiome, metabolism, and host. In summary, a moderate-energy diet can promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the extreme environment of the plateau. By regulating pathways such as Amino acid, Nucleotide, and Lipid metabolism, it coordinates the expression of key host genes and metabolite levels, effectively balancing immune signals and energy metabolism. This interaction establishes a beneficial microbial-metabolism-host pattern that supports colon health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15192929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:54:31Z","timestamp":1760028871000},"page":"2929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Microbiota\u2013Metabolite\u2013Host Crosstalk Mediates the Impact of Dietary Energy Levels on Colonic Homeostasis in High-Altitude Ruminants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qinran","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Western Agricultural of CAAS, Changji 831100, China"},{"name":"Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Western Agricultural of CAAS, Changji 831100, China"},{"name":"Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7671-1050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengjia","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingbo","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7374-6131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaofan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Western Agricultural of CAAS, Changji 831100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingying","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengtao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashgar Regional Animal Husbandry Station, Kashgar 844000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5843-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianlei","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Western Agricultural of CAAS, Changji 831100, China"},{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00692417","article-title":"Altitudinal and seasonal effects on aerobic metabolism of deer mice","volume":"159","author":"Hayes","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. 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