{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T04:41:49Z","timestamp":1760589709753,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health (NIH) research project","award":["2024ER210101","2024ER210300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ER210101","2024ER210300"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003624","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2025-0221738140982119420101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-0221738140982119420101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Slaughterhouses serve as critical surveillance hubs for identifying subclinical and economically important diseases in food-producing animals. Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes, an opportunistic pathogen commonly found on the mucous membranes of livestock, is associated with mastitis, abortion, and suppurative infections such as abscesses. In this study, we investigated 30 pig carcasses fully condemned due to vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) at two slaughterhouses in Gwangju, Republic of Korea, between November 2023 and May 2024. From abscess lesions, 11 T. pyogenes strains were isolated and characterized morphologically, biochemically, and genetically. The hemolytic exotoxin pyolysin (plo gene), a major virulence factor, was detected in five isolates (45.46%). Phylogenetic analysis of partial 16S rDNA sequences confirmed close clustering with known T. pyogenes reference strains. All 11 isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, showing resistance to 8\u201314 antimicrobial agents per strain. Complete resistance (11\/11, 100%) was observed against amikacin (AMI), nalidixic acid (NAL), chloramphenicol (CHL), florfenicol (FFN), and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (SXT). High resistance rates were also detected for erythromycin (ERY) and clindamycin (CLI) (10\/11, 90.9%), ceftazidime (TAZ), ceftriaxone (AXO), ciprofloxacin (CIP) (7\/11, 63.6%), and tetracycline (TET) and streptomycin (STR) (5\/11, 45.5%), while gentamicin (GEN) resistance was found in three isolates (27.3%). In contrast, none of the isolates showed resistance to ampicillin, cefoxitin, or cefotaxime. These findings underscore the epidemiological value of abattoir-based monitoring in detecting emerging pathogens and tracking antimicrobial resistance. The results provide important baseline data to inform disease control strategies, guide antimicrobial stewardship, and support One Health approaches, including the development of preventive measures such as vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15202970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T10:37:14Z","timestamp":1760438234000},"page":"2970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes Isolates from Vertebral Osteomyelitis in Slaughtered Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4690-3557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In-Haeng","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5545-4464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyeon Jeong","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0427-3094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3945-2014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Woog","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1703-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeong-Bin","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1709-0324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Ik","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9765-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae-Sung","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun Bong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bock-Gie","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7831-5905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwang-Jun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7163-3591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Gyu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rzewuska, M., Kwiecien, E., Chrobak-Chmiel, D., Kizerwetter-Swida, M., Stefanska, I., and Gierynska, M. (2019). Pathogenicity and Virulence of Trueperella pyogenes: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112737"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.24425\/pjvs.2024.149349","article-title":"Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence-related genes of Trueperella pyogenes strains isolated from various clinical specimens in animals","volume":"27","author":"Gulaydin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e7740","article-title":"When Zoonotic Organisms Cross Over-Trueperella pyogenes Endocarditis Presenting as a Septic Embolic Stroke","volume":"12","author":"Deliwala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1992.tb01168.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the API Coryne test system for identification of Actinomyces pyogenes","volume":"39","author":"Ding","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"171","article-title":"An Uncommon Case of Trueperella pyogenes Infection in an Adult Backyard Rooster and a Retrospective Study; 2000\u201320","volume":"65","author":"Shivaprasad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira-Pinto, M., Azevedo, J., Poeta, P., Pires, I., Ellebroek, L., Lopes, R., Veloso, M., and Alban, L. (2020). Classification of Vertebral Osteomyelitis and Associated Judgment Applied during Post-Mortem Inspection of Swine Carcasses in Portugal. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9101502"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1507.081072","article-title":"Arcanobacterium pyogenes sepsis in farmer, Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Levy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuby, J., Lardelli, P., Thurnheer, C.M., Blum, M.R., and Frei, A.N. (2023). Trueperella pyogenes endocarditis in a Swiss farmer: A case report and review of the literature. BMC Infect. Dis., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08810-y"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"334","article-title":"One case of pneumonia with Arcanobacterium pyogenes","volume":"21","year":"2004","journal-title":"An. Med. Interna"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.016485-0","article-title":"Three cases of Arcanobacterium pyogenes-associated soft tissue infection","volume":"59","author":"Kavitha","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Y., Wang, B., Wu, K., Wang, C., Bai, X., Wang, J., and Yang, Z. (2024). Prevalence, Virulence Genes, Drug Resistance and Genetic Evolution of Trueperella pyogenes in Small Ruminants in Western China. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14202964"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2018.1491256","article-title":"Replacing the 238th aspartic acid with an arginine impaired the oligomerization activity and inflammation-inducing property of pyolysin","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, H., Wang, B., Wang, J., Ma, B., and Zhang, W. (2022). Pyolysin of Trueperella pyogenes Induces Pyroptosis and IL-1beta Release in Murine Macrophages Through Potassium\/NLRP3\/Caspase-1\/Gasdermin D Pathway. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.832458"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwiecien, E., Stefanska, I., Chrobak-Chmiel, D., Salamaszynska-Guz, A., and Rzewuska, M. (2020). New Determinants of Aminoglycoside Resistance and Their Association with the Class 1 Integron Gene Cassettes in Trueperella pyogenes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124230"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.19-0370","article-title":"Differences in phenotypic and genetic characteristics of Trueperella pyogenes detected in slaughtered cattle and pigs with septicemia","volume":"82","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.24-0180","article-title":"Differences in antimicrobial resistance-related genes of Trueperella pyogenes between isolates detected from cattle and pigs","volume":"86","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020572223059","article-title":"Isolation of Arcanobacterium pyogenes from the porcine gastric mucosa","volume":"26","author":"Jost","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467161","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2467161","article-title":"Virulence factors and therapeutic methods of Trueperella pyogenes: A review","volume":"16","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.22-0460","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Trueperella pyogenes isolated from cattle and pigs with septicemia in southern Kyushu, Japan","volume":"85","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0021-2017","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Corynebacterium spp., Arcanobacterium spp., and Trueperella pyogenes","volume":"5","author":"Fessler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1086\/510431","article-title":"New consensus guidelines from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of infrequently isolated or fastidious bacteria","volume":"44","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.33.570","article-title":"Comparison of spinal column alignment and autonomic nervous activity using the intersegmental tenderness test in the segment above","volume":"33","author":"Aino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638718762479","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Trueperella pyogenes isolated from ruminants","volume":"30","author":"Rogovskyy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.05.004","article-title":"Phenotypic characteristics and virulence genotypes of Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes strains isolated from European bison (Bison bonasus)","volume":"160","author":"Rzewuska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-024-05979-8","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a marine bacterium extract from Mameliella sp. M20D2D8 with antiviral effects against influenza A and B viruses","volume":"169","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S.J., Kim, Y.H., Lee, D.K., Im, C.W., Kim, S.J., and Han, J.H. (2025). Investigation of characteristics and classification for swine vertebral osteomyelitis in South Korea. BMC Vet. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04633-y"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(93)E0028-P","article-title":"Media used in the detection and enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"26","author":"Baird","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.2.933-937.2005","article-title":"Identification and characterization of sporadic isolates of Streptococcus iniae isolated from humans","volume":"43","author":"Facklam","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Despotovic, M., de Nies, L., Busi, S.B., and Wilmes, P. (2023). Reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance in the context of One Health. Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 73.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2023.102291"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Diez, J., Saraiva, S., Moura, D., Grispoldi, L., Cenci-Goga, B.T., and Saraiva, C. (2023). The Importance of the Slaughterhouse in Surveilling Animal and Public Health: A Systematic Review. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10020167"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apenteng, O.O., Aarestrup, F.M., and Vigre, H. (2023). Modelling the effectiveness of surveillance based on metagenomics in detecting, monitoring, and forecasting antimicrobial resistance in livestock production under economic constraints. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47754-w"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-018-1133-6","article-title":"Genomic characterisation, detection of genes encoding virulence factors and evaluation of antibiotic resistance of Trueperella pyogenes isolated from cattle with clinical metritis","volume":"111","author":"Mohammadzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3659","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1756","article-title":"Identification, susceptibility, and detection of integron-gene cassettes of Arcanobacterium pyogenes in bovine endometritis","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.05.001","article-title":"Relationships between antimicrobial resistance, distribution of virulence factor genes and the origin of Trueperella pyogenes isolated from domestic animals and European bison (Bison bonasus)","volume":"96","author":"Rzewuska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(01)00524-7","article-title":"Susceptibility of Arcanobacterium pyogenes from different sources to tetracycline, macrolide and lincosamide antimicrobial agents","volume":"85","author":"Trinh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"412","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from dogs and cats as well as Arcanobacterium pyogenes from cattle and swine as determined in the BfT-GermVet monitoring program 2004-2006","volume":"120","author":"Werckenthin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2000.00315.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Arcanobacterium pyogenes isolated from cattle and pigs","volume":"47","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. B Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.02.010","article-title":"Trueperella pyogenes isolated from dairy cows with endometritis in Inner Mongolia, China: Tetracycline susceptibility and tetracycline-resistance gene distribution","volume":"105","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.033332-0","article-title":"Detection and characterization of antibiotic-resistance genes in Arcanobacterium pyogenes strains from abscesses of forest musk deer","volume":"60","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-01916-z","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and presence of virulence factor genes in Trueperella pyogenes isolated from pig lungs with pneumonia","volume":"51","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezanejad, M., Karimi, S., and Momtaz, H. (2019). Phenotypic and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Trueperella pyogenes strains isolated from bovine mastitis and metritis. BMC Microbiol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1630-4"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trinchera, M., De Gaetano, S., Sole, E., Midiri, A., Silvestro, S., Mancuso, G., Catalano, T., and Biondo, C. (2025). Antimicrobials in Livestock Farming and Resistance: Public Health Implications. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202504.2274.v1"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-025-00126-y","article-title":"A systematic review of antimicrobial resistance transmission inferences at the human-livestock interface in Africa","volume":"3","author":"Chilanga","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13719","article-title":"Erythema multiforme associated with Trueperella pyogenes bacteremia","volume":"44","author":"Hoshina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"142","article-title":"Arcanobacterium pyogenes endocarditis: A case report and literature review","volume":"45","author":"Chesdachai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-024-04505-1","article-title":"Bilateral cavernous sinus and ophthalmic vein thrombosis secondary to Trueperella pyogenes rhinosinusitis","volume":"76","author":"Calo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e236129","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-236129","article-title":"Trueperella pyogenes pharyngitis in an immunocompetent 40-year-old man","volume":"13","author":"Meili","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchionatti, E., Kittl, S., Sendi, P., and Perreten, V. (2024). Whole genome-based antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and phylogenetic characteristics of Trueperella pyogenes clinical isolates from humans and animals. Vet. Microbiol., 294.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110102"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/20\/2970\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T04:18:20Z","timestamp":1760588300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/20\/2970"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15202970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15202970","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]}}}