{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T08:59:11Z","timestamp":1785574751179,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is limited information regarding orthopaedic injuries in dressage horses. This study assessed the prevalence of injuries in a mixed referral and first opinion population of 272 horses training and competing in dressage, 238 of which were followed up one to five years after injury. Warmblood (55.8%) and Iberian (38.6%) breeds predominated. The median age was 8 years (interquartile range [IQR] 5,11; range 1,21). Horses were examined due to lameness (85.3%) or poor performance (14.7%). The median lameness grade was 2\/5 (IQR 2,4; range 0,4). Forelimb lameness was more prevalent than hindlimb lameness (p &lt; 0.001). Unilateral lameness (55.2%) was more common than multilimbed lameness (44.9%). Hypermetria (14.3%), hypermetria and weakness (2.2%) or weakness alone (1.1%) did not affect follow-up outcome compared with horses without neurological gait dysfunction. Soft tissue injuries were more common in Iberian horses than in Warmbloods (p = 0.006), but considering all injuries there was no difference in outcome between breeds. Injury type (soft tissue, osseous, osteoarthritis, developmental disease) did not influence follow-up outcome. Following targeted treatment and tailored rehabilitation programs, 42% of 238 horses returned to the same level of work as pre-injury or higher, 45% returned to work at a lower level and 13% were retired due to orthopaedic injury. In-depth clinical assessment and diagnostic anaesthesia are important for the identification of all problems and development of the most appropriate treatment and management protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15202972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T10:37:14Z","timestamp":1760438234000},"page":"2972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Orthopaedic Injuries in 272 Dressage Horses: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Boado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Avenida Salmoral 4, Manzanares el Real, 28492 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Medicine and Surgery Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense, Moncloa-Aravaca, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2986-1851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danica","family":"Pollard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Rodham Road, Christchurch, Wisbech, Cambridgeshire PE14 9NU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9875-4844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Lopez-Sanroman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine and Surgery Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense, Moncloa-Aravaca, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4774-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sue","family":"Dyson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Church Road, Market Weston, Diss, Suffolk IP22 2NX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(96)01079-3","article-title":"The Michigan Equine Monitoring System. I. Design, Implementation and Population Estimates","volume":"29","author":"Kaneene","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. 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