{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:24:33Z","timestamp":1788470673723,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gallbladder mucocele (GBM) in dogs is a condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of mucin within the gallbladder, potentially leading to bile duct obstruction and serious complications. While cholecystectomy remains the treatment of choice for symptomatic cases, medical management is often considered in dogs with subclinical GBM. This study evaluated the effects of different hepatoprotectants on disease progression in subclinical GBM. Sixty dogs diagnosed with GBM were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups: Group 1 (Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) alone), Group 2 (S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and silymarin), and Group 3 (UDCA, SAMe, and silymarin). Hepatic biochemical markers (GGT, ALP, ALT, AST, bilirubin, cholesterol) and ultrasound parameters (gallbladder sludge percentage, liver echogenicity) were assessed at baseline, day 30, day 60, day 180, and day 365. Group 3 exhibited the most significant improvement, with substantial reductions in GGT, ALP, ALT, and AST levels (p &lt; 0.05). Group 3 also demonstrated a significant decrease in gallbladder sludge percentage and improved liver echogenicity (p &lt; 0.05). Group 1 showed mild improvement, whereas Group 2 had minimal impact on markers of cholestasis or gallbladder health. These findings suggest that a combination therapy of UDCA, SAMe, and silymarin may offer the most effective medical approach for managing subclinical GBM in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15203002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T16:33:22Z","timestamp":1760632402000},"page":"3002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of Hepatoprotectants in the Management of Subclinical Gallbladder Mucocele in Dogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiyoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Heart Institute, VIP Animal Medical Center, Chungdam-dong, Kangnam-Gu, Seoul 06078, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4398-0371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Heart Institute, VIP Animal Medical Center, Chungdam-dong, Kangnam-Gu, Seoul 06078, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Joon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Heart Institute, VIP Animal Medical Center, Chungdam-dong, Kangnam-Gu, Seoul 06078, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6434-6930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changbaig","family":"Hyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Heart Institute, VIP Animal Medical Center, Chungdam-dong, Kangnam-Gu, Seoul 06078, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"258","article-title":"Liver and biliary system","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Maxie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v86i1.1318","article-title":"Gallbladder mucocoele: A review","volume":"86","author":"Smalle","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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