{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:14:00Z","timestamp":1789992840076,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32172757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hubei Important Science and Technology Project","award":["2024BBA004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024BBA004"]}]},{"name":"Innovative Research Groups of Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["2023AFA018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AFA018"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012554","name":"Hubei Provincial Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T2022024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2022024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the interactive effects of dietary vitamin A (VA) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on growth performance and intestinal health in broilers. A total of 432 one-day-old male Arbor Acres chicks were assigned to a 2 \u00d7 3 factorial design with two VA levels (2000 and 6000 IU\/kg) and three ATRA levels (0, 0.25, and 0.50 mg\/kg). The maize\u2013soybean meal basal diet contained 180 IU\/kg VA without extra VA supplementation. Results showed that compared with 0 mg\/kg ATRA, 0.50 mg\/kg ATRA enhanced average daily gain (ADG) during days 1\u201321 (p &lt; 0.05). Compared with 2000 IU\/kg VA, 6000 IU\/kg VA improved body weight on day 35 as well as ADG and feed intake during days 22\u201335 and reduced feed conversion ratio over the entire trial (p &lt; 0.05). There were VA \u00d7 ATRA interactions for the ratio of villus height (VH) to crypt depth (CD) in duodenum as well as VH and CD in ileum on day 21 (p &lt; 0.05). The 0.25 mg\/kg ATRA decreased duodenal VH\/CD and ileal VH in broilers fed 2000 and 6000 IU\/kg VA, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). The 0.50 mg\/kg ATRA increased ileal VH in broilers fed both 2000 and 6000 IU\/kg VA (p &lt; 0.05). When birds were fed 6000 IU\/kg VA, 0.50 mg\/kg ATRA increased ileal CD compared with 0.25 mg\/kg CD (p &lt; 0.05). On day 35, compared with 0 mg\/kg ATRA, 0.25 mg\/kg ATRA increased ileal VH while 0.50 mg\/kg ATRA decreased ileal CD, and both of them increased ileal VH\/CD (p &lt; 0.05). The VA \u00d7 ATRA interactions for mRNA expression of jejunal Mucin5ac on day 21 and jejunal Occludin, Claudin-1, Mucin 2, leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5+ (Lgr5+), zinc and ring finger 3 (Znrf3), and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) on day 35 were detected (p &lt; 0.05). Dietary 0.50 mg\/kg ATRA up-regulated jejunal Mucin5ac expression in broilers fed 6000 IU\/kg VA on day 21 as well as Claudin-1, Znrf3, and SPP1 expression broilers fed 2000 IU\/kg VA on day 35 (p &lt; 0.05). The 0.25 mg\/kg ATRA down-regulated Occludin expression in broilers fed 6000 IU\/kg VA on day 35 (p &lt; 0.05). The 0.25 mg\/kg ATRA decreased and increased Lgr5+ expression on day 35 in broilers fed 2000 and 6000 IU\/kg VA, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). Both 0.25 and 0.50 mg\/kg ATRA down-regulated Mucin-2 expression in broilers fed 2000 IU\/kg VA on day 35 (p &lt; 0.05). The VA \u00d7 ATRA interactions were observed for jejunal retinol dehydrogenase 10 (RDH10), cytochrome P450, family 26, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP26A1), retinoic acid receptor (RAR) \u03b1, and RAR\u03b2 expression on days 21 and 35 (p &lt; 0.05). Both 0.25 and 0.50 mg\/kg up-regulated RDH10, CYP26A1, and RAR\u03b2 expression in broilers fed 6000 IU\/kg VA (p &lt; 0.05). The RAR\u03b1 expression was up-regulated by 0.50 and 0.25 mg\/kg ATRA on days 21 and 35, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). Plasma metabolomics identified 269 VA- and 185 ATRA-associated differential metabolites, primarily enriched in lipid metabolism, vitamin digestion and absorption, and bacterial infection pathways. In conclusion, dietary 0.50 mg\/kg ATRA and 6000 IU\/kg VA enhanced growth performance, intestinal integrity, and VA metabolism, partly through activation of retinoic acid receptors and modulation of plasma lipid metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15203005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T16:33:22Z","timestamp":1760632402000},"page":"3005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interactive Effects of Vitamin A and All-Trans Retinoic Acid on Growth Performance, Intestinal Health, and Plasma Metabolomics of Broiler Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4852-5124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuangshuang","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yushu","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lai","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiakun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changwu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binying","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13885","article-title":"Performance and Bone Characteristics of Broilers Fed Diets Supplemented with Vitamin a at Different Concentrations","volume":"108","author":"Savaris","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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