{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:46:36Z","timestamp":1790934396516,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian National Council of Scientific and Technological Development"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a key contributor to bovine respiratory disease (BRD) worldwide, there are few detailed reports of BRSV-related outbreaks in Brazil. This study describes the clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical (IHC), and molecular findings from a BRD outbreak in adult dairy cows from Southern Brazil. The affected cattle had dyspnea, nasal discharge, and coughing. One cow died, and samples were collected for diagnosis. Histopathology revealed interstitial pneumonia with multinucleated giant cells. IHC identified BRSV antigens in pulmonary tissue. A multiplex real-time PCR identified BRSV, Histophilus somni, and Pasteurella multocida in nasal and oral swabs, while only BRSV and H. somni were detected in the tissues of the cow that died. All animals had co-infections involving BRSV. The average cycle threshold (Cq) values for BRSV were 27.43 (nasal) and 32.68 (oral), with significant differences (p = 0.016), indicating higher nasal shedding. This qPCR assay was effective for detecting BRD pathogens, the quantification of viral and bacterial loads in animals with BRD and can be used for the rapid detection of respiratory pathogens. The elevated BRSV detection in oral samples suggests that this route may be an alternative for the collection of samples in cattle with profuse nasal discharge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15203015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T10:28:36Z","timestamp":1760696916000},"page":"3015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Outbreak of Respiratory Disease Due to Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus with Concomitant Infections by Histophilus somni and Pasteurella multocida in Adult Dairy Cows and Calves from Southern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8831-7376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Henrique","family":"Perotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Rua dos Funcion\u00e1rios, 1540, Curitiba 80035-050, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2000-8769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabela Vaz","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Rua dos Funcion\u00e1rios, 1540, Curitiba 80035-050, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1608-3360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Constanza","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marcos Enrietti Diagnostic Center, Paran\u00e1 Agricultural Defense Agency, Rua Jaime Bal\u00e3o, 575, Curitiba 80040-340, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0101-2605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara Eliza Gasino","family":"Joineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marcos Enrietti Diagnostic Center, Paran\u00e1 Agricultural Defense Agency, Rua Jaime Bal\u00e3o, 575, Curitiba 80040-340, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5882-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel Kruchelski","family":"Tsch\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paran\u00e1 (IBPM), Rua Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, Curitiba 81350-010, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6491-9302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato Silva","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Rua dos Funcion\u00e1rios, 1540, Curitiba 80035-050, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0420-820X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alais Maria","family":"Dall Agnol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina 86057-970, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8371-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1via Helena Pereira","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina 86057-970, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8460-4885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Buczinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences Cliniques, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1614-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selwyn Arlington","family":"Headley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina 86057-970, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0056-9358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan Roque de","family":"Barros Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Rua dos Funcion\u00e1rios, 1540, Curitiba 80035-050, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1017\/S146625230999017X","article-title":"Bovine Respiratory Disease Research (1983\u20132009)","volume":"10","author":"Fulton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.04.009","article-title":"Respiratory Disease Diagnostics of Cattle","volume":"26","author":"Cooper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"2081","article-title":"Bovine Respiratory Disease in Brasil: A Short Review","volume":"42","author":"Headley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin-Cienc. Agrar."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2020.03.009","article-title":"Bovine Respiratory Disease: Looking Back and Looking Forward, What Do We See?","volume":"36","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Headley, S.A., Dall Agnol, A.M., Bessegato, J.A., Frucchi, A.P.S., Maturana, \u00c9.F.L., Rodrigues, R.V., Xavier, A.A.C., Alfieri, A.F., and Alfieri, A.A. (2023). Association of Ovine Gammaherpesvirus 2 with an Outbreak of Acute Respiratory Disease in Dairy Cattle. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30133-w"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2025, October 08). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Available online: https:\/\/ictv.global\/taxonomy\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3452","DOI":"10.3390\/v4123452","article-title":"Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus","volume":"4","author":"Vaughan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006053","article-title":"Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection","volume":"38","author":"Valarcher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84781993000300029","article-title":"Detection of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Calves of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Simanke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cienc. Rural"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.17525\/vrrjournal.v2i1-2.162","article-title":"Serological Evidence of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Brazil","volume":"2","author":"Campalans","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virus Rev. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoppe, I.B.A.L., de Medeiros, A.S.R., Arns, C.W., and Samara, S.I. (2018). Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Seroprevalence and Risk Factors in Non-Vaccinated Dairy Cattle Herds in Brazil. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1535-8"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshitani, G.D., Camilo, S.L.O., Fritzen, J.T.T., Oliveira, M.V., Lorenzetti, E., Lisb\u00f4a, J.A.N., Alfieri, A.F., and Alfieri, A.A. (2024). Serological Profile for Major Respiratory Viruses in Unvaccinated Cows from High-Yielding Dairy Herds. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14091256"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padalino, B., Cirone, F., Zappaterra, M., Tullio, D., Ficco, G., Giustino, A., Ndiana, L.A., and Pratelli, A. (2021). Factors Affecting the Development of Bovine Respiratory Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study in Beef Steers Shipped From France to Italy. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.627894"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813501341","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Cattle","volume":"51","author":"Sacco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-03022-5","article-title":"Risk Factors and Genetic Characterization of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in the Inner Aegean Region, Turkey","volume":"54","author":"Sait","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.08.010","article-title":"Reduced Likelihood of Bovine Coronavirus and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection on Organic Compared to Conventional Dairy Farms","volume":"182","author":"Bidokhti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03549652","article-title":"Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV): A Review","volume":"41","author":"Larsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"197","article-title":"V\u00edrus Respirat\u00f3rio Sincicial Bovino","volume":"36","author":"Spilki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21929","article-title":"Pathogenic Infection Characteristics and Risk Factors for Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Based on the Detection of Lung Pathogens in Dead Cattle in Northeast China","volume":"106","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2020.1733704","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Brazilian Wild-Type Strains of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Reveals Genetic Diversity and a Putative New Subgroup of the Virus","volume":"40","author":"Leme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.5433\/1679-0359.2014v35n5p2539","article-title":"Detection of an Untyped Strain of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in a Dairy Herd","volume":"35","author":"Affonso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin-Cienc. Agrar."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.312","article-title":"Highly Pathogenic Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Variant in a Dairy Herd in Italy","volume":"6","author":"Giammarioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387231182106","article-title":"Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Feedlot Cattle Cases in Argentina","volume":"35","author":"Ferella","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2000000400008","article-title":"Infec\u00e7\u00e3o Natural Pelo V\u00edrus Sincicial Respirat\u00f3rio Bovino (BRSV) No Estado de Alagoas","volume":"20","author":"Peixoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-42-113","article-title":"Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) Pneumonia in Beef Calf Herds Despite Vaccination","volume":"42","author":"Larsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2003000200008","article-title":"Characterization of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Isolated in Brazil","volume":"36","author":"Arns","year":"2003","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638717739945","article-title":"Molecular Survey of Infectious Agents Associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease in a Beef Cattle Feedlot in Southern Brazil","volume":"30","author":"Headley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4139","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-024-01476-x","article-title":"Respiratory Illness in Young and Adult Cattle Caused by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Subgenotype 2b in Singular and Mixed Bacterial Infection in a BVDV-Vaccinated Dairy Herd","volume":"55","author":"Fritzen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X1997000200006","article-title":"da Manifesta\u00e7\u00e3o Cl\u00ednico-Patol\u00f3gica de Infec\u00e7\u00e3o Natural Pelo V\u00edrus Respirat\u00f3rio Sincicial Bovino (BRSV) Em Bovinos de Cria\u00e7\u00e3o Extensiva No Rio Grande Do Sul, Brasil","volume":"17","author":"Driemeier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2000000400002","article-title":"A Retrospective Search for Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) Antigens in Histological Specimens by Immunofluorescence and Immunohistochemistry","volume":"20","author":"Flores","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2025, May 12). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica (IBGE), Available online: https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/cidades-e-estados\/pr\/senges.html."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, V.H., Dall Agnol, A., Fritzen, J.T., Lorenzetti, E., Alfieri, A., and Alfieri, A. (2020). Microbial Diversity Involved in the Etiology of a Bovine Respiratory Disease Outbreak in a Dairy Calf Rearing Unit. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 71.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2020.101494"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, T.E.S., Scuisato, G.S., Pelaquim, I.F., Cunha, C.W., Cunha, L.S., Flores, E.F., Pretto-Giordano, L.G., Lisb\u00f4a, J.A.N., Alfieri, A.A., and Saut, J.P.E. (2021). The Participation of a Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus and Mycoplasma Bovis in the Development of Single and Mixed Infections in Beef and Dairy Cattle With Bovine Respiratory Disease. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.691448"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thonur, L., Maley, M., Gilray, J., Crook, T., Laming, E., Turnbull, D., Nath, M., and Willoughby, K. (2012). One-Step Multiplex Real Time RT-PCR for the Detection of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine Herpesvirus 1 and Bovine Parainfluenza Virus 3. BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-37"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2008.05.016","article-title":"Detection of Bovine Coronavirus Using a TaqMan-Based Real-Time RT-PCR Assay","volume":"151","author":"Decaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00997-09","article-title":"Development of a Multiplex Real-Time PCR for Detection and Differentiation of Malignant Catarrhal Fever Viruses in Clinical Samples","volume":"47","author":"Cunha","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.16-0489","article-title":"Development of a One-Run Real-Time PCR Detection System for Pathogens Associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex","volume":"79","author":"Kishimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.1.343-346.2001","article-title":"Single-Tube Single-Enzyme Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay for Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Pooled Bovine Serum","volume":"39","author":"Weinstock","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719895460","article-title":"A SYBR Green I\u2013Based Quantitative RT-PCR Assay for Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus and Its Utility for Evaluating Viral Kinetics in Cattle","volume":"32","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.9.2225-2231.1994","article-title":"Development of Nested PCR Assays for Detection of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Clinical Samples","volume":"32","author":"Vilcek","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"125","article-title":"Subcutaneous and Pulmonary Emphysema as Complications of Bovine Ephemeral Fever","volume":"46","author":"Theodoridis","year":"1979","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"512","article-title":"Estimation of the Number of Nucleotide Substitutions in the Control Region of Mitochondrial DNA in Humans and Chimpanzees","volume":"10","author":"Tamura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"95","article-title":"BioEdit: A User-Friendly Biological Sequence Alignment Editor and Analysis Program for Windows 95\/98\/NT","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makoschey, B., and Berge, A.C. (2021). Review on Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Bovine Parainfluenza\u2014Usual Suspects in Bovine Respiratory Disease\u2014A Narrative Review. BMC Vet. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02935-5"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.108.19.411","article-title":"Acute Fatal Pneumonia in Calves Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus","volume":"108","author":"Pirie","year":"1981","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.004","article-title":"Laboratory and Postmortem Diagnosis of Bovine Respiratory Disease","volume":"28","author":"Caswell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2015.05.010","article-title":"Feedlot Acute Interstitial Pneumonia","volume":"31","author":"Woolums","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2021.1903476","article-title":"Review: The Effects of Dust on Feedlot Health and Production of Beef Cattle","volume":"49","author":"Urso","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-012-0082-8","article-title":"Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) Infection in Non-Vaccinated Dairy and Dual-Purpose Cattle Herds in Ecuador","volume":"44","author":"Saa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3237","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-023-01122-y","article-title":"Serological Profile of Respiratory Viruses in Unvaccinated Steers upon Their Arrival at Brazilian Feedlot Facilities","volume":"54","author":"Chicoski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lachowicz-Wolak, A., Klimowicz-Bodys, M.D., P\u0142oneczka-Janeczko, K., Bednarski, M., Dyba, K., Knap, P., and Rypu\u0142a, K. (2024). Simultaneous Presence of Antibodies against Five Respiratory Pathogens in Unvaccinated Dairy Calves from South-Western Poland. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14172520"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.04.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Pathology of Bovine Pneumonia","volume":"26","author":"Panciera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252322000020","article-title":"Acute Interstitial Pneumonia and the Biology of 3-Methylindole in Feedlot Cattle","volume":"23","author":"Haydock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200604","article-title":"Interstitial Pneumonia in Feedlot Cattle: Concurrent Lesions and Lack of Immunohistochemical Evidence for Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection","volume":"12","author":"Sorden","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2022.01.005","article-title":"Comparative Histopathology of Bovine Acute Interstitial Pneumonia and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Interstitial Pneumonia","volume":"192","author":"Chien","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870601800104","article-title":"Diseases and Pathogens Associated with Mortality in Ontario Beef Feedlots","volume":"18","author":"Gagea","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2014.08.011","article-title":"Comparison of Nasal Swabs with Throat Swabs for the Detection of Respiratory Viruses by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR in Adult Hajj Pilgrims","volume":"70","author":"Benkouiten","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, C., Ahmed, J.A., Eidex, R.B., Nyoka, R., Waiboci, L.W., Erdman, D., Tepo, A., Mahamud, A.S., Kabura, W., and Nguhi, M. (2011). Comparison of Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal Swabs for the Diagnosis of Eight Respiratory Viruses by Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assays. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021610"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/20\/3015\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T10:56:12Z","timestamp":1760698572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/20\/3015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15203015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15203015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]}}}