{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:37:57Z","timestamp":1790285877590,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Biological Breeding Major Project","award":["No. 2023ZD04050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023ZD04050"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Major Project: The Creation of New Breeding Materials for Heat Stress Resistance Gene-Edited Cattle","award":["2023ZD0405002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD0405002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes is a pivotal step in assisted reproductive technologies for livestock. However, oxidative stress (OS) and mitochondrial dysfunction during in vitro culture often lead to oocyte aging, thereby limiting the efficiency of the technologies. To address these challenges, this study investigated the regulatory effects of 1-Palmitoyl-2-Oleoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine (POPC) on bovine oocyte IVM, aging, and developmental competence to determine the optimal concentration and explore underlying mechanisms. Cumulus\u2013oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected from abattoir-derived bovine ovaries and cultured in IVM medium supplemented with 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, or 200 \u03bcmol\/mL of POPC (n = 300 per group) at 38.5 \u00b0C under 5% CO2 for 22 h. The optimal concentration was determined based on the first polar body extrusion rate, followed by in vitro fertilization (IVF), fluorescence staining, Smart-seq2 transcriptome sequencing, and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. The results demonstrated that 150 \u03bcmol\/mL of POPC yielded the highest maturation rate, significantly exceeding the control group (p &lt; 0.05), and enhanced 2-4-cell cleavage rates after IVF. Furthermore, POPC markedly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, increased glutathione (GSH) content, improved mitochondrial function, and restored normal spindle morphology. Transcriptomic analysis identified 350 upregulated and 280 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were enriched in pathways related to OS. qPCR validation confirmed upregulation of SIRT1\/2 and BCL-2, along with downregulation of BAX and Caspase-1\/3. Collectively, these findings suggest that 150 \u03bcmol\/mL of POPC alleviates OS and activates the \u201cSIRT\u2013antioxidant\u2013antiapoptotic\u201d signaling axis, thereby providing valuable insights for optimizing assisted reproductive technologies in livestock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15213172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:00:33Z","timestamp":1762178433000},"page":"3172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["POPC Enhances Both the Maturation of Bovine Oocytes and the Subsequent Development and Quality of Embryos"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6361-1145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Animal Embryo and Developmental Engineering Key Laboratory of Higher Education, Institutions of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Hohhot 010011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5367-2906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Animal Embryo and Developmental Engineering Key Laboratory of Higher Education, Institutions of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Hohhot 010011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Animal Embryo and Developmental Engineering Key Laboratory of Higher Education, Institutions of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Hohhot 010011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Animal Embryo and Developmental Engineering Key Laboratory of Higher Education, Institutions of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Hohhot 010011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruizhen","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Animal Embryo and Developmental Engineering Key Laboratory of Higher Education, Institutions of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hhhot 010031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Animal Embryo and Developmental Engineering Key Laboratory of Higher Education, Institutions of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Hohhot 010011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guifang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Animal Embryo and Developmental Engineering Key Laboratory of Higher Education, Institutions of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.12.115","article-title":"Oocyte competency is the key to embryo potential","volume":"103","author":"Keefe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. 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