{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:00:18Z","timestamp":1788184818553,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015397","name":"Major special projects of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019ZD016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019ZD016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Bactrian camel exemplifies mammalian adaptation to deserts, but the spatial organization of its innate immune system remains uncharacterized. This study integrated transcriptomes from 110 samples across 11 major tissues and organs to resolve tissue-specific gene expression and innate immune modularity. Through differential expression analysis, Tau specificity index (\u03c4 &gt; 0.8), and machine learning validation (Random Forest F1-score = 0.86 \u00b1 0.11), we identified 4242 high-confidence tissue-specific genes (e.g., LIPE\/PLIN1 in adipose). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of 1522 innate immune genes revealed 11 co-expression modules, with six exhibiting significant tissue associations (FDR &lt; 0.01): liver-specific (r = 0.96), spleen-adipose-enriched (r = 0.88), muscle-associated (r = 0.82), and blood-specific (r = 0.80) modules. These networks demonstrated multifunctional coordination of immune pathways\u2014including Pattern Recognition, Cytokine Signaling, and Phagocytosis\u2014rather than isolated functions. Our results establish that camel innate immunity is organized into spatially modular networks tailored to tissue microenvironments, providing the first systems-level framework for understanding immune resilience in desert-adapted mammals and may inform strategies for enhancing livestock resilience in arid regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15213173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:00:33Z","timestamp":1762178433000},"page":"3173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spatial Modularity of Innate Immune Networks Across Bactrian Camel Tissues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0387-2045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lili","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Genomic Big Data for Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Bionew Technology Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7146-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chencheng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Genomic Big Data for Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengying","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Genomic Big Data for Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Genomic Big Data for Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Genomic Big Data for Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5188","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6188","article-title":"Camelid genomes reveal evolution and adaptation to desert environments","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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