{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:10:13Z","timestamp":1791994213246,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":437,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In birds, light can penetrate the cranial bones and reach deep brain regions, where non-visual photoreceptors, especially in the hypothalamus, detect spectral and photoperiodic cues. Alongside retinal photoreception, deep-brain light sensing contributes to circadian entrainment and regulates melatonin secretion by the pineal gland. These light-driven pathways modulate endocrine activity, playing a key role in muscle development. This review explores how monochromatic light-emitting diode (LED) illumination, particularly green and blue wavelengths, affects the somatotropic axis (growth hormone-releasing hormone [GHRH]-growth hormone [GH]-insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1]), the gonadal axis (gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH]-luteinizing hormone [LH]\/follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]-sex steroids [testosterone, estrogen, progesterone]), the thyroid axis (thyrotropin-releasing hormone [TRH]-thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]-thyroxine [T4]\/triiodothyronine [T3]), and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (corticotropin-releasing hormone [CRH]-adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH]-corticosterone). Green light enhances early-stage muscle growth via GHRH and IGF-1 upregulation, while blue light supports later myogenic activity and oxidative balance. Light schedules also influence melatonin dynamics, which in turn modulate endocrine axis responsiveness to photic cues. Furthermore, variations in photoperiod and exposure to artificial lights at night (ALAN) affect thyroid activity and HPA axis reactivity, influencing metabolism, thermoregulation, and stress resilience. Together, ocular and intracranial photoreception form a complex network that links environmental light to hormonal regulation and muscle growth. These insights support the strategic use of LED lighting to optimize broiler performance and welfare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15213209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T07:58:05Z","timestamp":1762329485000},"page":"3209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Influence of Different Light Spectra on Broiler Chicken Endocrine Systems and Productivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6959-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenu\u021ba","family":"Galan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la Brad Ia\u0219i University of Life Sciences, 8 M. Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3067-9574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gheorghe","family":"Solcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la Brad Ia\u0219i University of Life Sciences, 8 M. Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0323-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Solcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la Brad Ia\u0219i University of Life Sciences, 8 M. Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la Brad Ia\u0219i University of Life Sciences, 8 M. Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933914000592","article-title":"Light Emitting Diode (LED) as a Source of Monochromatic Light: A Novel Lighting Approach for Behaviour, Physiology and Welfare of Poultry","volume":"70","author":"Parvin","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pap, T.I., Szab\u00f3, R.T., Bodn\u00e1r, \u00c1., Pajor, F., Egerszegi, I., Podmaniczky, B., Pacz, M., Mez\u0151szentgy\u00f6rgyi, D., and Kov\u00e1cs-Weber, M. (2024). Effect of Lighting Methods on the Production, Behavior and Meat Quality Parameters of Broiler Chickens. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202403.0065.v1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, G., Cheng, Y., Xu, Y., Liu, J., Yang, W., Liu, J., Guo, B., and Zhu, H. (2025). Monochromatic Light Impacts the Growth Performance, Intestinal Morphology, Barrier Function, Antioxidant Status, and Microflora of Yangzhou Geese. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15121815"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859600041289","article-title":"The Effects of Light Illuminance and Wavelength on the Growth of Broiler Chickens","volume":"98","author":"Wathes","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/76.3.452","article-title":"The Effects of Color of Lighting on the Behavior and Production of Meat Chickens","volume":"76","author":"Prayitno","year":"1997","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/78.1.135","article-title":"The Effect of Monochromatic Light on Broiler Growth and Development","volume":"78","author":"Rozenboim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2007-00043","article-title":"Green and Blue Monochromatic Lights Promote Growth and Development of Broilers via Stimulating Testosterone Secretion and Myofiber Growth","volume":"17","author":"Cao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-01523","article-title":"Effects of Monochromatic Light on Quality Properties and Antioxidation of Meat in Broilers","volume":"90","author":"Ke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2298\/BAH1403457M","article-title":"Rearing Broiler Chickens under Monochromatic Blue Light Improve Performance and Reduce Fear and Stress during Pre-Slaughter Handling and Transportation","volume":"30","author":"Mohamed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Anim. Husb."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2019.10.014","article-title":"Light Wavelengths\/Colors: Future Prospects for Broiler Behavior and Production","volume":"36","author":"Soliman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2478\/aoas-2023-0090","article-title":"Impact of lIght Wavelength on Growth and Welfare of broIler chIckens\u2013overvIew and Future perspectIve","volume":"24","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2013.06.027","article-title":"The Effect of Monochromatic Photostimulation on Growth and Development of Broiler Birds","volume":"190","author":"Rozenboim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2019.1685916","article-title":"Effects of Colour and Intensity of Artificial Light Produced by Incandescent Bulbs on the Performance Traits, Thyroid Hormones, and Blood Metabolites of Broiler Chickens","volume":"19","author":"Gharahveysi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21408","article-title":"Effect of Monochromatic Light on Melatonin Secretion and Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase mRNA Expression in the Retina and Pineal Gland of Broilers","volume":"294","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. Adv. Integr. Anat. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayat, K., Zheng, R., Zeng, L., Ye, Z., and Pan, J. (2024). Impact of Full-Spectrum and Infrared Lighting on Growth, Oxidative Stress, and Cecal Microbiota in Broilers. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13121442"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Yu, Y., Pan, J., Ying, Y., and Zhou, H. (2016). A New Method to Manipulate Broiler Chicken Growth and Metabolism: Response to Mixed LED Light System. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25972"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(98)10032-6","article-title":"Various Light Source Treatments Affect Body and Skeletal Muscle Growth by Affecting Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell Proliferation in Broilers","volume":"120","author":"Halevy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21174","article-title":"Effects of Monochromatic Light on Developmental Changes in Satellite Cell Population of Pectoral Muscle in Broilers during Early Posthatch Period","volume":"293","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. Adv. Integr. Anat. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2016.02.005","article-title":"Melatonin Modulates Monochromatic Light-Induced GHRH Expression in the Hypothalamus and GH Secretion in Chicks","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.21608\/epsj.2024.401675","article-title":"A Comparative Study of The Effect of White And Blue-Green LED Light Wavelengths On Growth Performance, Feed Efficiency, And Behavioural Traits In Cobb Broiler Chickens","volume":"44","author":"Reyad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egypt. Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev360","article-title":"Effects of Light Sources and Intensity on Broilers Grown to Heavy Weights. Part 1: Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Welfare Indices","volume":"95","author":"Olanrewaju","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.04.020","article-title":"Light Emitting Diode (LED) Color and Broiler Growth: Effect of Supplementing Blue\/Green LED to White LED Light on Broiler Growth, Stress, and Welfare","volume":"99","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.08.029","article-title":"Light at Night as an Environmental Endocrine Disruptor","volume":"190","author":"Russart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouyang, J.Q., Davies, S., and Dominoni, D. (2018). Hormonally Mediated Effects of Artificial Light at Night on Behavior and Fitness: Linking Endocrine Mechanisms with Function. J. Exp. Biol., 221.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.156893"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falc\u00f3n, J., Torriglia, A., Attia, D., Vi\u00e9not, F., Gronfier, C., Behar-Cohen, F., Martinsons, C., and Hicks, D. (2020). Exposure to Artificial Light at Night and the Consequences for Flora, Fauna, and Ecosystems. Front. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.602796"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2023.111927","article-title":"Endocrine Effects of Exposure to Artificial Light at Night: A Review and Synthesis of Knowledge Gaps","volume":"568","author":"Grunst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.9.5395","article-title":"Circadian Variation in Basal Plasma Corticosterone and Adrenocorticotropin in the Rat: Sexual Dimorphism and Changes across the Estrous Cycle","volume":"138","author":"Atkinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1076\/brhm.30.5.508.1400","article-title":"Circadian Rhythms of Melatonin and Sex Steroids in a Nocturnal Bird, Indian Spotted Owlet Athene Brama during Reproductively Active and Inactive Phases","volume":"30","author":"Guchhait","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Rhythm Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12594","article-title":"Melatonin Mediates Monochromatic Light-induced Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Secretion of Chick Liver: Involvement of Membrane Receptors","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"987","article-title":"Importance of Melatonin on Poultry","volume":"21","author":"Yeter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tarim Doga Derg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chmura, H.E., Wingfield, J.C., and Hahn, T.P. (2020). Non-photic Environmental Cues and Avian Reproduction in an Era of Global Change. J. Avian Biol., 51.","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.02243"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5036","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11824-7","article-title":"Slowly Seeing the Light: An Integrative Review on Ecological Light Pollution as a Potential Threat for Mollusks","volume":"28","author":"Hussein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(80)90060-X","article-title":"Effect of Increasing Day Length and Intermittent Lighting Schedules in the Domestic Hen on Plasma Concentrations of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and the LH Response to Exogenous Progesterone","volume":"41","author":"Wilson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1258\/002367796780744974","article-title":"The Use of a Novel Operant Test to Determine the Strength of Preference for Flooring in Laboratory Rats","volume":"30","author":"Manser","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-00964","article-title":"Effect of Light Intensity on Broiler Production, Processing Characteristics, and Welfare","volume":"89","author":"Deep","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201300034","article-title":"Enlightening the Brain: Linking Deep Brain Photoreception with Behavior and Physiology","volume":"35","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep3010008","article-title":"Light, Sleep and Performance in Diurnal Birds","volume":"3","author":"Aulsebrook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clocks Sleep"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ViviD, D., and Bentley, G.E. (2018). Seasonal Reproduction in Vertebrates: Melatonin Synthesis, Binding, and Functionality Using Tinbergen\u2019s Four Questions. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23030652"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.04.013","article-title":"Investigating the Importance of Vision in Poultry: Comparing the Behaviour of Blind and Sighted Chickens","volume":"133","author":"Collins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/074873001129002079","article-title":"Photoperiodic Control of Seasonality in Birds","volume":"16","author":"Dawson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03799","article-title":"Red Light Is Necessary to Activate the Reproductive Axis in Chickens Independently of the Retina of the Eye","volume":"93","author":"Baxter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101545","article-title":"Light Regimen on Health and Growth of Broilers: An Update Review","volume":"101","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(77)90117-1","article-title":"The Visual Pigments and Oil Droplets of the Chicken Retina","volume":"17","author":"Bowmaker","year":"1977","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kram, Y.A., Mantey, S., and Corbo, J.C. (2010). Avian Cone Photoreceptors Tile the Retina as Five Independent, Self-Organizing Mosaics. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008992"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00009.2009","article-title":"Physiology of Circadian Entrainment","volume":"90","author":"Golombek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.06.066","article-title":"VA Opsin-Based Photoreceptors in the Hypothalamus of Birds","volume":"19","author":"Halford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-04370","article-title":"Exploring Avian Deep-Brain Photoreceptors and Their Role in Activating the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Gonadal Development","volume":"94","author":"Kuenzel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2010.11.014","article-title":"Immunocytochemical Study of Rhodopsin-Containing Putative Encephalic Photoreceptors in House Sparrow, Passer domesticus","volume":"170","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-010-1073-6","article-title":"Deep Brain Photoreceptors and a Seasonal Signal Transduction Cascade in Birds","volume":"342","author":"Nakane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, S.W. (2021). Central Nervous System Associated with Light Perception and Physiological Responses of Birds. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.723454"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0864","article-title":"Vertebrate Ancient Opsin Photopigment Spectra and the Avian Photoperiodic Response","volume":"8","author":"Davies","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.60.1.146","article-title":"Extraretinal Light Perception in the Sparrow. II. Photoperiodic Stimulation of Testis Growth","volume":"60","author":"Menaker","year":"1968","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15264","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006393107","article-title":"A Mammalian Neural Tissue Opsin (Opsin 5) Is a Deep Brain Photoreceptor in Birds","volume":"107","author":"Nakane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, D., Wang, Z., Chen, Y., and Cao, J. (2023). Melanopsin-Mediated Optical Entrainment Regulates Circadian Rhythms in Vertebrates. Commun. Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05432-7"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hankins, M.W., Davies, W.I., and Foster, R.G. (2014). The Evolution of Non-Visual Photopigments in the Central Nervous System of Vertebrates. Evolution of Visual and Non-Visual Pigments, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4355-1_3"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/313050a0","article-title":"Rhodopsin-like Sensitivity of Extra-Retinal Photoreceptors Mediating the Photoperiodic Response in Quail","volume":"313","author":"Foster","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00614615","article-title":"Spectral Characteristics of Visible Radiation Penetrating into the Brain and Stimulating Extraretinal Photoreceptors: Transmission Recordings in Vertebrates","volume":"130","author":"Hartwig","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3742","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0435","article-title":"Circadian Clock Genes and Photoperiodism: Comprehensive Analysis of Clock Gene Expression in the Mediobasal Hypothalamus, the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, and the Pineal Gland of Japanese Quail under Various Light Schedules","volume":"144","author":"Yasuo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1070211","article-title":"Influences of Thyroidectomy and Thyroxine Replacement on Photoperiodically Controlled Reproduction in Quail","volume":"107","author":"Follett","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02117","article-title":"Light-Induced Hormone Conversion of T4 to T3 Regulates Photoperiodic Response of Gonads in Birds","volume":"426","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassone, V.M., and Yoshimura, T. (2022). Circannual Cycles and Photoperiodism. Sturkie\u2019s Avian Physiology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819770-7.00045-1"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03618-9","article-title":"Magnetic Sensitivity of Cryptochrome 4 from a Migratory Songbird","volume":"594","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2009.12.011","article-title":"Interactions of the Circadian CLOCK System and the HPA Axis","volume":"21","author":"Nader","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2013.782315","article-title":"Crosstalk between the Circadian Clock Circuitry and the Immune System","volume":"30","author":"Cermakian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.05.017","article-title":"Avian Biological Clock\u2013Immune System Relationship","volume":"66","author":"Markowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jerigova, V., Zeman, M., and Okuliarova, M. (2022). Circadian Disruption and Consequences on Innate Immunity and Inflammatory Response. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213722"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.12.016","article-title":"Temporal Expression of C-Fos and Genes Coding for Neuropeptides and Enzymes of Amino Acid and Amine Neurotransmitter Biosynthesis in Retina, Pineal and Hypothalamus of a Migratory Songbird: Evidence for Circadian Rhythm-Dependent Seasonal Responses","volume":"371","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-002-0571-6","article-title":"Rhythm and Soul in the Avian Pineal","volume":"309","author":"Natesan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0377","article-title":"BMAL1 but Not CLOCK Is Associated with Monochromatic Green Light-Induced Circadian Rhythm of Melatonin in Chick Pinealocytes","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beker, M.C., Caglayan, B., Caglayan, A.B., Kelestemur, T., Yalcin, E., Caglayan, A., Kilic, U., Baykal, A.T., Reiter, R.J., and Kilic, E. (2019). Interaction of Melatonin and Bmal1 in the Regulation of PI3K\/AKT Pathway Components and Cellular Survival. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55663-0"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2018.11.001","article-title":"Circadian Control of Neuroendocrine Function: Implications for Health and Disease","volume":"5","author":"Gotlieb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s003600100204","article-title":"Daily and Photoperiod Variations of Basal and Stress-Induced Corticosterone Concentrations in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus)","volume":"171","author":"Rich","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwabl, P., Bonaccorso, E., and Goymann, W. (2016). Diurnal Variation in Corticosterone Release among Wild Tropical Forest Birds. Front. Zool., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-016-0151-3"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2019.113296","article-title":"Melatonin and Corticosterone Profiles under Polar Day in a Seabird with Sexually Opposite Activity-Rhythms","volume":"285","author":"Huffeldt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2021.113861","article-title":"Early Nighttime Testosterone Peaks Are Correlated with GnRH-Induced Testosterone in a Diurnal Songbird","volume":"312","author":"Greives","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icz112","article-title":"Onset of Daily Activity in a Female Songbird Is Related to Peak-Induced Estradiol Levels","volume":"59","author":"Graham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2020.104900","article-title":"Sex Steroids Modulate Circadian Behavioral Rhythms in Captive Animals, but Does This Matter in the Wild?","volume":"128","author":"Elderbrock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4145.72","article-title":"Testosterone Induces\u201d Splitting\u201d of Circadian Locomotor Activity Rhythms in Birds","volume":"185","author":"Gwinner","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63447-0","article-title":"Histological Structure and Cytology of the Pineal Organ in Birds and Mammals","volume":"10","author":"Quay","year":"1965","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1064","article-title":"Comparative Ultrastructure and Cytochemistry of the Avian Pineal Organ","volume":"53","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1065","article-title":"Comparative View of Pineal Gland Morphology of Nocturnal and Diurnal Birds of Tropical Origin","volume":"53","author":"Haldar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"383","article-title":"Post-Hatching Development of the Turkey Pineal Organ: Histological and Immunohistochemical Studies","volume":"26","author":"Lewczuk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"1075","article-title":"Histology and Ultrastructure of the Pineal Organ in the Domestic Goose","volume":"21","author":"Prusik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238294","article-title":"Innervation of the Avian Pineal Organ: A Comparative Study","volume":"233","author":"Sato","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00213210","article-title":"Intrinsic Neurons and Neural Connections of the Pineal Organ of the House Sparrow, Passer domesticus, as Revealed by Anterograde and Retrograde Transport of Horseradish Peroxidase","volume":"222","author":"Korf","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520500482108","article-title":"The Avian Pineal Gland","volume":"23","author":"Csernus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/372094a0","article-title":"Pinopsin Is a Chicken Pineal Photoreceptive Molecule","volume":"372","author":"Okano","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-01-00022.1988","article-title":"Circadian Clock in Cell Culture: II. In Vitro Photic Entrainment of Melatonin Oscillation from Dissociated Chick Pineal Cells","volume":"8","author":"Robertson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-571145-6.50010-8","article-title":"The Avian Pineal, a Vertebrate Model System of the Circadian Oscillator: Cellular Regulation of Circadian Rhythms by Light, Second Messengers, and Macromolecular Synthesis","volume":"Volume 45","author":"Takahashi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 1988 Laurentian Hormone Conference"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2021.103196","article-title":"Developmental Morphology of the Turkey Pineal Gland in Histological Images and 3D Models","volume":"153","author":"Prusik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-305X(84)90068-5","article-title":"Lymphopineal Tissue in the Chicken","volume":"8","author":"Olah","year":"1984","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.32.90","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Demonstration and Daily Rhythms of Melatonin in the Chicken Pineal Gland","volume":"32","author":"Doi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Jpn. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"94","article-title":"The Biological Effects and Clinical Uses of the Pineal Hormone Melatonin","volume":"1","author":"Timothy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Altern. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03168221","article-title":"Physiological and Metabolic Functions of Melatonin","volume":"60","author":"Barrenetxe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1515\/pjvs-2015-0082","article-title":"Regulation of Melatonin Secretion in the Pineal Organ of the Domestic Duck\u2013an in Vitro Study","volume":"18","author":"Prusik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2014.888003","article-title":"Effects of Melatonin on Cloacal Temperature and Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility in Layer Hens during the Hot-Dry Season","volume":"43","author":"Sinkalu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"112","article-title":"Karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Hormonu: Melatonin","volume":"14","year":"2010","journal-title":"Marmara Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020107915919","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Melatonin: Localization, Function, and Clinical Relevance","volume":"47","author":"Bubenik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1159\/000113553","article-title":"Comparative Distribution of 2 [125I] Iodomelatonin Binding in the Brains of Diurnal Birds: Outgroup Analysis with Turtles","volume":"45","author":"Cassone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Evol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(92)90293-X","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Melatonin Binding Sites in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Ducks","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"1992","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew489","article-title":"In-Ovo Monochromatic Green Light Photostimulation Enhances Embryonic Somatotropic Axis Activity","volume":"96","author":"Dishon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104496","article-title":"Effects of Different Monochromatic Light on Growth Performance and Liver Circadian Rhythm of Yangzhou Geese","volume":"104","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13127","article-title":"Melatonin Receptor Mel1b-and Mel1c-mediated Green Light Induced the Secretion of Growth Hormone in Anterior Pituitary of Chicks","volume":"95","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Wang, L., Wang, Z., Dong, Y., Chen, Y., and Cao, J. (2021). Mel1b and Mel1c Melatonin Receptors Mediate Green Light-Induced Secretion of Growth Hormone in Chick Adenohypophysis Cells via the AC\/PKA and ERK1\/2 Signalling Pathways. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol., 225.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2021.112322"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-7111","article-title":"Characterization of the Relations between Morphology and Physiological Status of the Pineal Gland in Connection with the Somatic Development Level in Turkeys Reared in Romania","volume":"67","author":"Solcan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Veterin\u00e1ria Zootec."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0741900","article-title":"The Effects of Continuously or Diurnally Fed Melatonin on Broiler Performance and Health","volume":"74","author":"Clark","year":"1995","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(93)90215-P","article-title":"Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on Some Endocrine, Behavioural and Metabolic Parameters in Japanese Quail Coturnix coturnix japonica","volume":"105","author":"Zeman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Physiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0739-7240(99)00037-5","article-title":"Role of Melatonin in the Control of Growth and Growth Hormone Secretion in Poultry","volume":"17","author":"Zeman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:19910411","article-title":"Differential Effects of T4 and T3 on TRH and GRF-Induced GH Secretion in the Domestic Fowl","volume":"31","author":"Harvey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horodincu, L., and Solcan, C. (2023). Influence of Different Light Spectra on Melatonin Synthesis by the Pineal Gland and Influence on the Immune System in Chickens. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132095"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2012-00713","article-title":"Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status, and Nonspecific Immunity in Broilers under Different Lighting Regimens","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1159\/000046903","article-title":"Localization, Physiological Significance and Possible Clinical Implication of Gastrointestinal Melatonin","volume":"10","author":"Bubenik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosignals"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"77","article-title":"Melatonin Has a Strong Antioxidant Activity and Improves Liver and Kidney Functions in Broiler Chicks","volume":"4","author":"Ahmed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Basic Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660410001668941","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid and Melatonin Reduce Heat-Induced Performance Inhibition and Oxidative Stress in Japanese Quails","volume":"45","author":"Sahin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2001.280208.x","article-title":"Therapeutic Effect of Melatonin on Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Acute Liver Injury in Rats","volume":"28","author":"Ohta","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2022.2042485","article-title":"Effect of Blue and Red Monochromatic Light during Incubation on the Early Post-Embryonic Development of Immune Responses in Broiler Chicken","volume":"63","author":"Kankova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-120023343","article-title":"Hypothalamic Circadian Organization in Birds. I. Anatomy, Functional Morphology, and Terminology of the Suprachiasmatic Region","volume":"20","author":"Abraham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416021-7.00002-X","article-title":"Development of the Medial Hypothalamus: Forming a Functional Hypothalamic-Neurohypophyseal Interface","volume":"106","author":"Pearson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05945.x","article-title":"Development of the Zebrafish Hypothalamus","volume":"1220","author":"Machluf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2017.09.005","article-title":"Melatonin Modulates Monochromatic Light-Induced Melatonin Receptor Expression in the Hypothalamus of Chicks","volume":"119","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levine, J.E. (2012). An Introduction to Neuroendocrine Systems. Handbook of Neuroendocrinology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-375097-6.10001-0"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.03.055","article-title":"Evolutionary Conservation of Glucocorticoids and Corticotropin Releasing Hormone: Behavioral and Physiological Adaptations","volume":"1392","author":"Schulkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.09.002","article-title":"The Hypothalamic\u2013Pituitary\u2013Thyroid Axis and Biological Rhythms: The Discovery of TSH\u2019s Unexpected Role Using Animal Models","volume":"31","author":"Ikegami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/1359-6101(96)00006-8","article-title":"Up and down the Growth Hormone Cascade","volume":"7","author":"Clark","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.11.001","article-title":"Models of GH Deficiency in Animal Studies","volume":"30","author":"Gahete","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/36.3.415","article-title":"Growth-Hormone-Releasing Hormone","volume":"36","author":"Vance","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(90)90206-R","article-title":"Interplay of Somatostatin and Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone in Genesis of Episodic Growth Hormone Secretion","volume":"39","author":"Tannenbaum","year":"1990","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0739-7240(95)00059-3","article-title":"Control of Growth Hormone Synthesis","volume":"13","author":"Tuggle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0930","article-title":"Cloning of the Chicken Pituitary Receptor for Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone","volume":"147","author":"Toogood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2014.06.007","article-title":"Growth Hormone (GH)-Releasing Activity of Chicken GH-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) in Chickens","volume":"204","author":"Harvey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1013","article-title":"Identification of the Endogenous Ligands for Chicken Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) Receptor: Evidence for a Separate Gene Encoding GHRH in Submammalian Vertebrates","volume":"148","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-004-1602-1","article-title":"Molecular Physiology, Pathology, and Regulation of the Growth Hormone\/Insulin-like Growth Factor-I System","volume":"20","author":"Woelfle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(99)00082-X","article-title":"The Regulation of GH-Dependent Hormones and Enzymes after Feed Restriction in Dwarf and Control Chickens","volume":"64","author":"Dewil","year":"1999","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1996.76.4.1005","article-title":"Growth, Differentiation, and Survival: Multiple Physiological Functions for Insulin-like Growth Factors","volume":"76","author":"Stewart","year":"1996","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1200373","article-title":"Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Binding Proteins in Serum from the Domestic Fowl","volume":"120","author":"Armstrong","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eRBCA-2019","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9061-2019-1056","article-title":"Effect of Heat Stress on Expression of Main Reproductive Hormone in Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis of Wenchang Chicks","volume":"23","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(89)90096-X","article-title":"Effects of Serotonergic Agonists and Antagonists on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion by Explanted Rat Hypothalami","volume":"10","author":"Calogero","year":"1989","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(91)90318-Z","article-title":"Characterization of Chicken ACTH and \u03b1-MSH: The Primary Sequence of Chicken ACTH Is More Similar to Xenopus ACTH than to Other Avian ACTH","volume":"82","author":"Hayashi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(93)90035-Q","article-title":"Regulation of the Hypothalamic Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurosecretory System","volume":"40","author":"Whitnall","year":"1993","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.1.8536612","article-title":"Molecular Cloning of a Type A Chicken Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor with High Affinity for Urotensin I","volume":"137","author":"Yu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5747","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.12.8940412","article-title":"In Vivo and in Vitro Characterization of Antalarmin, a Nonpeptide Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Receptor Antagonist: Suppression of Pituitary ACTH Release and Peripheral Inflammation","volume":"137","author":"Webster","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0751428","article-title":"Continuous Infusion of Adrenocorticotropin Elevates Circulating Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Corticosterone Concentrations in Chickens","volume":"75","author":"Latour","year":"1996","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(03)00120-5","article-title":"Involvement of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor, Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 2 and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Type 1 in the Control of Chicken Thyrotropin Secretion","volume":"203","author":"Geris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2004.05.006","article-title":"Cloning and Tissue Distribution of the Chicken Type 2 Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor","volume":"138","author":"Grommen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-126-1-317","article-title":"The Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus Has a Major Role in Thyroid Hormone Feedback Regulation of Thyrotropin Synthesis and Secretion","volume":"126","author":"Taylor","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2001","article-title":"Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Structure-Function Relationships","volume":"82","author":"Szkudlinski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0300087","article-title":"G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in Neuroendocrine Systems. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors\u2014Similarities and Differences","volume":"30","author":"Sun","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.10.007","article-title":"Normal Physiology of Hypothalamic Pituitary Regulation","volume":"37","author":"Sam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2008.06.002","article-title":"The Chicken Embryo as a Model for Developmental Endocrinology: Development of the Thyrotropic, Corticotropic, and Somatotropic Axes","volume":"293","author":"Grommen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2010.01.001","article-title":"Regulation of the Hypothalamic Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) Neuron by Neuronal and Peripheral Inputs","volume":"31","author":"Nillni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.18.4.0305","article-title":"Novel Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Human Thyrotropin Action: Structural, Physiological, and Therapeutic Implications for the Glycoprotein Hormone Family","volume":"18","author":"Grossmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2005.02.028","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Availability and Activity in Avian Species: A Review","volume":"29","author":"Decuypere","year":"2005","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.42.1","article-title":"Endocrine Control of Postnatal Growth in Poultry","volume":"42","author":"Decuypere","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"232","article-title":"Role of the Iodothyronine Deiodinases in the Physiology and Pathophysiology of Thyroid Hormone Action","volume":"1","author":"Larsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid J."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2013","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Metabolism","volume":"94","author":"Mullur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.5.1050","article-title":"Muscle Development in the Embryo and Hatchling","volume":"86","author":"Velleman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018478","article-title":"Substrates for Muscle Glycogen Synthesis in Recovery from Intense Exercise in Man","volume":"434","author":"Bangsbo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2004.06.007","article-title":"Basic Principles of Muscle Development and Growth in Meat-Producing Mammals as Affected by the Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) System","volume":"27","author":"Oksbjerg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(79)90040-6","article-title":"Muscle Satellite Cells in Malnourished and Nutritionally Rehabilitated Children","volume":"41","author":"Picou","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00307202","article-title":"Ultrastructural Study of Experimental Muscle Degeneration and Regeneration in the Adult Rat","volume":"131","author":"Thesleff","year":"1972","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01239972","article-title":"Initiation and Duration of Muscle Precursor Replication after Mild and Severe Injury to Skeletal Muscle of Mice: An Autoradiographic Study","volume":"248","author":"McGeachie","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01611986","article-title":"Elimination of Distributed Synaptic Acetylcholine Receptor Clusters on Developing Avian Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibres Accompanies Loss of Polyneuronal Innervation","volume":"16","author":"Phillips","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(87)90423-4","article-title":"Regulation by Thyroid Hormones of Terminal Differentiation in the Skeletal Dorsal Muscle: I. Neonate Mouse","volume":"123","author":"Janmot","year":"1987","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091820207","article-title":"Regeneration of Single Skeletal Muscle Fibers in Vitro","volume":"182","author":"Bischoff","year":"1975","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2011","article-title":"Satellite Cells and the Muscle Stem Cell Niche","volume":"93","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.03.044","article-title":"Asymmetric Self-Renewal and Commitment of Satellite Stem Cells in Muscle","volume":"129","author":"Kuang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motohashi, N., and Asakura, A. (2014). Muscle Satellite Cell Heterogeneity and Self-Renewal. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2014.00001"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1997.8721","article-title":"Single-Cell Analysis of Regulatory Gene Expression in Quiescent and Activated Mouse Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells","volume":"191","author":"Cornelison","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.112.17.2895","article-title":"In Vivo Satellite Cell Activation via Myf5 and MyoD in Regenerating Mouse Skeletal Muscle","volume":"112","author":"Cooper","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"4334","article-title":"The MRF4 Activation Domain Is Required to Induce Muscle-Specific Gene Expression","volume":"12","author":"Mak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0004.2000.570103.x","article-title":"The Molecular Regulation of Myogenesis","volume":"57","author":"Sabourin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D750","DOI":"10.2741\/Perry","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Myogenic Determination and Differentiation","volume":"5","author":"Perry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2020.02.004","article-title":"Mechanisms Regulating Myoblast Fusion: A Multilevel Interplay","volume":"104","author":"Lehka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.04.018","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy Signaling Pathways","volume":"37","author":"Glass","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0420283","article-title":"Relation of Body Size to Muscle Cell Size and Number in the Chicken","volume":"42","author":"Smith","year":"1963","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1979.491115x","article-title":"Cellular Aspect of Muscle Growth: Myogenic Cell Proliferation","volume":"49","author":"Allen","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.4.858","article-title":"Early Posthatch Starvation Decreases Satellite Cell Proliferation and Skeletal Muscle Growth in Chicks","volume":"130","author":"Halevy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew047","article-title":"Influence of Chick Hatch Time and Access to Feed on Broiler Muscle Development","volume":"95","author":"Powell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.12.052","article-title":"In Pursuit of a Better Broiler: Growth, Efficiency, and Mortality of 16 Strains of Broiler Chickens","volume":"100","author":"Torrey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90610-3","article-title":"The MyoD Family and Myogenesis: Redundancy, Networks, and Thresholds","volume":"75","author":"Weintraub","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1999.9284","article-title":"The Transition from Proliferation to Differentiation Is Delayed in Satellite Cells from Mice Lacking MyoD","volume":"210","author":"Rudnicki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540104900405","article-title":"MyoD and Myogenin Expression Patterns in Cultures of Fetal and Adult Chicken Myoblasts","volume":"49","author":"Paterson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2010.417.425","article-title":"Effect of Posthatch Feed Restriction on Broiler Breast Muscle Development and Muscle Transcriptional Regulatory Factor Gene and Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Expression","volume":"9","author":"Velleman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03813","article-title":"Effect of the Timing of Posthatch Feed Restrictions on Broiler Breast Muscle Development and Muscle Transcriptional Regulatory Factor Gene Expression","volume":"93","author":"Velleman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2011.10.015","article-title":"Leucine Limitation Regulates Myf5 and myoD Expression and Inhibits Myoblast Differentiation","volume":"318","author":"Averous","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03810","article-title":"The Effect of Nutritional Status on Myogenic Gene Expression of Satellite Cells Derived from Different Muscle Types","volume":"93","author":"Powell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731110002089","article-title":"Advances in Research on the Prenatal Development of Skeletal Muscle in Animals in Relation to the Quality of Muscle-Based Food. I. Regulation of Myogenesis and Environmental Impact","volume":"5","author":"Rehfeldt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10752.x","article-title":"Regulation of Chicken Muscle Growth by Insulin-like Growth Factors a","volume":"839","author":"Duclos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_189","first-page":"176","article-title":"Divergent Selection for High or Low Growth Rate Modifies the Response of Muscle Cells to Serum or Insulin-like Growth Factor-I in Vitro","volume":"6","author":"Duclos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(80)90134-7","article-title":"In Vitro Effects of Thyroxine and Insulin on Myoblasts from Chick Embryo Skeletal Muscle","volume":"79","author":"Kumegawa","year":"1980","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0681396","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Thyroxine on Growth and Muscle Protein Metabolism in Broiler Chickens","volume":"68","author":"Suthama","year":"1989","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660600953835","article-title":"Dietary Thyroid Hormone Improves Growth and Muscle Protein Accumulation of Black-Boned Chickens","volume":"47","author":"He","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_193","first-page":"385","article-title":"Response of Poultry Performance to Environmental Light Colour","volume":"20","author":"Hashish","year":"2000","journal-title":"Egypt. Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/83.5.842","article-title":"The Effect of a Green and Blue Monochromatic Light Combination on Broiler Growth and Development","volume":"83","author":"Rozenboim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.21608\/epsj.2019.23694","article-title":"Productive and Physiological Response of Broiler Chickens Exposed to Different Colored Light-Emitting Diode and Reared under Different Stocking Densities","volume":"38","author":"Abdelazeem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt. Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.1052-1059","article-title":"Impact of Lighting Color and Duration on Productive Performance and Newcastle Disease Vaccination Efficiency in Broiler Chickens","volume":"12","author":"Soliman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.15.0757","article-title":"Red Color Light at Different Intensities Affects the Performance, Behavioral Activities and Welfare of Broilers","volume":"29","author":"Senaratna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.09.020","article-title":"Role of Monochromatic Light on Daily Variation of Clock Gene Expression in the Pineal Gland of Chick","volume":"164","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_199","first-page":"619","article-title":"The Origin and Function of the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)\/Glucagon Superfamily","volume":"21","author":"Sherwood","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(01)00561-5","article-title":"Identification of the Somatostatin Receptor Subtypes Involved in Regulation of Growth Hormone Secretion in Chickens","volume":"182","author":"Bossis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2014.01.001","article-title":"Identification of the Receptors for Somatostatin (SST) and Cortistatin (CST) in Chickens and Investigation of the Roles of cSST28, cSST14, and cCST14 in Inhibiting cGHRH1\u201327NH2-Induced Growth Hormone Secretion in Cultured Chicken Pituitary Cells","volume":"384","author":"Meng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"481","article-title":"Growth Hormone and the Insulin-like Growth Factor System in Myogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Florini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-3-12-1907","article-title":"Structure and Expression of a Chicken Insulin-like Growth Factor I Precursor","volume":"3","author":"Kajimoto","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4695(19980905)36:3<379::AID-NEU6>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Mechanisms of Insulin-like Growth Factor Regulation of Programmed Cell Death of Developing Avian Motoneurons","volume":"36","author":"Prevette","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1250199","article-title":"Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptors in Chicken Liver Membranes: Binding Properties, Specificity, Developmental Pattern and Evidence for a Single Receptor Type","volume":"125","author":"Duclos","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E967","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2000.278.6.E967","article-title":"Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-Binding Proteins: Interactions with IGFs and Intrinsic Bioactivities","volume":"278","author":"Baxter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-2235(96)00011-7","article-title":"Conservation of IGFBP Structure during Evolution: Cloning of Chicken Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-5","volume":"6","author":"Allander","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog. Growth Factor Res."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0491(96)00289-1","article-title":"Chicken Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein (IGFBP)-5: Conservation of IGFBP-5 Structure and Expression during Evolution","volume":"116","author":"Allander","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_209","first-page":"2652","article-title":"Differential Temporal and Spatial Expression of Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-2 in Developing Chick Ocular Tissues","volume":"36","author":"Schoen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1750003","article-title":"Beyond Carrier Proteins Comparative Endocrinology of the Insulin-like Growth Factor-Binding Protein","volume":"175","author":"Kelley","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-0047","article-title":"Evolution of the Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein (IGFBP) Family","volume":"152","author":"Daza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H.-B., Li, H., Wang, Q.-G., Zhang, X.-Y., Wang, S.-Z., Wang, Y.-X., and Wang, X.-P. (2007). Profiling of Chicken Adipose Tissue Gene Expression by Genome Array. BMC Genom., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-193"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30729","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.49.30729","article-title":"Inhibition of Insulin Receptor Activation by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins","volume":"272","author":"Yamanaka","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2010.10329","article-title":"The Endocrine Regulation of Chicken Growth","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1991.tb17983.x","article-title":"Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) Binding Proteins: The Role of Serum IGFBPs in Regulating IGF Availability","volume":"80","author":"Baxter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.1.01955","article-title":"IGF-Independent Effects of IGFBP-2 on the Human Breast Cancer Cell Line Hs578T","volume":"37","author":"Frommer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0320859","article-title":"Integrin-Mediated Action of Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-2 in Tumor Cells","volume":"32","author":"Schutt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20424","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.35.20424","article-title":"Studies on the Mechanisms by Which Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) Binding Protein-4 (IGFBP-4) and IGFBP-5 Modulate IGF Actions in Bone Cells (\u2217)","volume":"270","author":"Mohan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27936","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.44.27936","article-title":"Binding Sites and Binding Properties of Binary and Ternary Complexes of Insulin-like Growth Factor-II (IGF-II), IGF-Binding Protein-3, and Acid-Labile Subunit","volume":"272","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2008.r.05","article-title":"Growth Hormone Signaling in the Regulation of Acid Labile Subunit","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32214-2","article-title":"Structural Basis for Assembly and Disassembly of the IGF\/IGFBP\/ALS Ternary Complex","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.2.7333","article-title":"Conservation of a Growth Hormone-Responsive Promoter Element in the Human and Mouse Acid-Labile Subunit Genes","volume":"141","author":"Suwanichkul","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.134.2.7507839","article-title":"Purification and Characterization of the Acid-Labile Subunit of Rat Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein Complex","volume":"134","author":"Baxter","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.7.9942","article-title":"Growth Hormone Stimulates Transcription of the Gene Encoding the Acid-Labile Subunit (ALS) of the Circulating Insulin-like Growth Factor-Binding Protein Complex and ALS Promoter Activity in Rat Liver","volume":"11","author":"Ooi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(03)00049-3","article-title":"Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein Proteolysis","volume":"14","author":"Bunn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.4.7534697","article-title":"Alterations in Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-Dependent IGF-Binding Protein-4 Proteolysis in Transformed Osteoblastic Cells","volume":"136","author":"Durham","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.9.6998","article-title":"Differential Effects of Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-Binding Protein-1 on Protein Metabolism in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells","volume":"140","author":"Frost","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.07.024","article-title":"Role of IGFBP2, IGF-I and IGF-II in Regulating Long Bone Growth","volume":"37","author":"Fisher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4652(199810)177:1<47::AID-JCP5>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Modulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor Actions in L6A1 Myoblasts by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein (IGFBP)-4 and IGFBP-5: A Dual Role for IGFBP-5","volume":"177","author":"Ewton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(90)90076-X","article-title":"Chicken Insulin-like Growth Factor-I: Amino Acid Sequence, Radioimmunoassay, and Plasma Levels between Strains and during Growth","volume":"79","author":"Ballard","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1534","article-title":"Identification of the Chicken Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor (GHRH-R) mRNA and Gene: Regulation of Anterior Pituitary GHRH-R mRNA Levels by Homologous and Heterologous Hormones","volume":"147","author":"Porter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3109\/10799899709036610","article-title":"Investigation of Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Receptor Structure and Activity Using Yeast Expression Technologies","volume":"17","author":"Kajkowski","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Recept. Signal Transduct."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.3.569","article-title":"Expression Profiles of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone and Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor during Chicken Embryonic Pituitary Development","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2009.07.008","article-title":"Characterization of the Receptors for Chicken GHRH and GHRH-Related Peptides: Identification of a Novel Receptor for GHRH and the Receptor for GHRH-LP (PRP)","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb17483.x","article-title":"The Growth-Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor: Signal Transduction, Gene Expression, and Physiological Function in Growth Regulation","volume":"805","author":"Mayo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/350622a0","article-title":"Somatotroph Hypoplasia and Dwarfism in Transgenic Mice Expressing a Non-Phosphorylatable CREB Mutant","volume":"350","author":"Struthers","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-113-5-1726","article-title":"Stimulation of Adenosine 3\u2032, 5\u2032-Monophosphate Production by Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor and Its Inhibition by Somatostatin in Anterior Pituitary Cells in Vitro","volume":"113","author":"Bilezikjian","year":"1983","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(03)00235-9","article-title":"Somatostatin Receptors","volume":"1616","author":"Stidsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)13258-6","article-title":"Splice Variant of the Somatostatin Receptor 2 Subtype, Somatostatin Receptor 2B, Couples to Adenylyl Cyclase","volume":"44","author":"Reisine","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2010.01125.x","article-title":"Somatostatin Receptor Biology in Neuroendocrine and Pituitary Tumours: Part 1\u2014Molecular Pathways","volume":"14","author":"Cakir","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101285","article-title":"Melatonin Mediates Monochromatic Light-Induced Expression of Somatostatin in the Hypothalamus and Pituitary of Chicks","volume":"100","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehkhoda, F., Lee, C.M., Medina, J., and Brooks, A.J. (2018). The Growth Hormone Receptor: Mechanism of Receptor Activation, Cell Signaling, and Physiological Aspects. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00035"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2007.07.008","article-title":"Growth Hormone Receptor; Mechanism of Action","volume":"40","author":"Brooks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2014.04.004","article-title":"Differential Intracellular Signalling Properties of the Growth Hormone Receptor Induced by the Activation of an Anti-GHR Antibody","volume":"390","author":"Lan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410050676","article-title":"Cellular Localization of Growth Hormone Receptors\/Binding Proteins in Immune Tissues","volume":"286","author":"Hull","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.114.16.2903","article-title":"PKB\/Akt: A Key Mediator of Cell Proliferation, Survival and Insulin Responses?","volume":"114","author":"Lawlor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207542","article-title":"Target of Rapamycin (TOR): An Integrator of Nutrient and Growth Factor Signals and Coordinator of Cell Growth and Cell Cycle Progression","volume":"23","author":"Fingar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb840","article-title":"Akt Regulates Growth by Directly Phosphorylating Tsc2","volume":"4","author":"Potter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb839","article-title":"TSC2 Is Phosphorylated and Inhibited by Akt and Suppresses mTOR Signalling","volume":"4","author":"Inoki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00808-5","article-title":"mTOR Interacts with Raptor to Form a Nutrient-Sensitive Complex That Signals to the Cell Growth Machinery","volume":"110","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27643","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603536200","article-title":"The Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway Regulates Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption and Oxidative Capacity","volume":"281","author":"Schieke","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.09.034","article-title":"The Neurology of mTOR","volume":"84","author":"Lipton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.06.034","article-title":"mTOR Complex 1 Regulates Lipin 1 Localization to Control the SREBP Pathway","volume":"146","author":"Peterson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2012.606","article-title":"Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase Activity Controls the Ribosome Biogenesis Transcriptional Program","volume":"33","author":"Chauvin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3184\/175815513X13739879772128","article-title":"The Effect of Monochromatic and Mixed LED Light Colour on the Behaviour and Fear Responses of Broiler Chicken","volume":"6","author":"Sultana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avian Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1062","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00378.2005","article-title":"In Ovo Exposure to Monochromatic Green Light Promotes Skeletal Muscle Cell Proliferation and Affects Myofiber Growth in Posthatch Chicks","volume":"290","author":"Halevy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/08977194.2016.1199553","article-title":"In Ovo Exposure to Monochromatic Lights Affect Posthatch Muscle Growth and Satellite Cell Proliferation of Chicks: Role of IGF-1","volume":"34","author":"Bai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731113001882","article-title":"Stimulation with Monochromatic Green Light during Incubation Alters Satellite Cell Mitotic Activity and Gene Expression in Relation to Embryonic and Posthatch Muscle Growth of Broiler Chickens","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1399\/eps.2019.273","article-title":"Effects of Monochromatic Light on Growth Performance, Welfare and Hormone Levels in Broiler Chickens","volume":"83","author":"Helva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933918000934","article-title":"The Implication of Lighting Programmes in Intensive Broiler Production System","volume":"75","author":"Arowolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.01.015","article-title":"Impact of Daylength on Behavioural Output in Commercial Broilers","volume":"137","author":"Fancher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2006.301.308","article-title":"A Review of Lighting Programs for Broiler Production","volume":"5","author":"Olanrewaju","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2022.100295","article-title":"Effect of Photoperiod on Live Performance in Broiler Chicks from Placement to 14-Days-of-Age","volume":"31","author":"Magee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Cong, W., Liu, J., Zhao, M., Xu, P., Han, W., Wang, D., and Zhao, R. (2022). Constant Light in Early Life Induces Fear-Related Behavior in Chickens with Suppressed Melatonin Secretion and Disrupted Hippocampal Expression of Clock-and BDNF-Associated Genes. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00720-4"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2025.100558","article-title":"Evaluating the Effect of Daylength (24, 20, and 18 Hours) during Brooding on Broiler Performance and Physiological Responses to Light Environment","volume":"34","author":"Ashabranner","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103162","article-title":"Daylight Exposure and Circadian Clocks in Broilers: Part I\u2014Photoperiod Effect on Broiler Behavior, Skeletal Health, and Fear Response","volume":"102","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1590\/s1806-92902017000300004","article-title":"Effect of photoperiod length and light intensity on some welfare criteria, carcass, and meat quality characteristics in broilers","volume":"46","author":"Fidan","year":"2017","journal-title":"R. Bras. Zootec"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunn, I., Ciccone, N., and Joseph, N. (2009). Endocrinology and Genetics of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis. Biology of Breeding Poultry, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845933753.0061"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod35.5.1096","article-title":"Ovarian Steroidogenesis during Foillicular Maturation in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"35","author":"Robinson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ubuka, T., Bentley, G.E., and Tsutsui, K. (2013). Neuroendocrine Regulation of Gonadotropin Secretion in Seasonally Breeding Birds. Front. Neurosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00038"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2014.03.040","article-title":"Reproduction in Hens: Is Testosterone Necessary for the Ovulatory Process?","volume":"203","author":"Rangel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1110059","article-title":"Effect of Oestradiol Replacement in Ovariectomized Chickens on Pituitary LH Concentrations and Concentrations of mRNAs Encoding LH \u03b2 and \u03b1 Subunits","volume":"111","author":"Terada","year":"1997","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2016.1161727","article-title":"Increasing Persistency in Lay and Stabilising Egg Quality in Longer Laying Cycles. What Are the Challenges?","volume":"57","author":"Bain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_274","first-page":"242","article-title":"Endocrinology of the Avian Reproductive System","volume":"9","author":"Ottinger","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Avian Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1178","article-title":"Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone Inhibits Gonadal Development and Maintenance by Decreasing Gonadotropin Synthesis and Release in Male Quail","volume":"147","author":"Ubuka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0908","article-title":"Melatonin Stimulates the Release of Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone by the Avian Hypothalamus","volume":"151","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403840102","article-title":"Melatonin Induces the Expression of Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone in the Avian Brain","volume":"102","author":"Ubuka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jozsa, R., Mess, A., Gladwell, R., Cunningham, F., and Sharp, P. (1997). The Stimulatory Action of the Glutamate Agonist, N-Methyl-Aspartate, on Luteinizing Hormone Release in the Cockerel with Immunocytochemical Observations on Its Mode of Action. Neuroendocrinology: Retrospect and Perspectives, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-60915-2_12"},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410000313","article-title":"Double Immunocytochemistry of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and cGnRH-I in Male Quail: Photoperiodic Effects","volume":"303","author":"Teruyama","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1159\/000126381","article-title":"\u03b2-Endorphin Regulation of LHRH Release at the Median Eminence Level: Immunocytochemical and Physiological Evidence in Hens","volume":"57","author":"Contijoch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/78.8.1203","article-title":"Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y mRNA Is Increased after Feed Restriction in Growing Broilers","volume":"78","author":"Boswell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2006.04.008","article-title":"Increased Food Intake Stimulates GnRH-I, Glycoprotein Hormone \u03b1-Subunit and Follistatin mRNAs, and Ovarian Follicular Numbers in Laying Broiler Breeder Hens","volume":"33","author":"Ciccone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0720932","article-title":"The Median Eminence as a Site for Neuroendocrine Control of Reproduction in Hens","volume":"72","author":"Advis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6480(02)00533-6","article-title":"Dopamine Infusion into the Third Ventricle Increases Gene Expression of Hypothalamic Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Prolactin and Luteinizing Hormone \u03b2 Subunit in the Turkey","volume":"130","author":"Bhatt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2007.01545.x","article-title":"Rhythmic Dependent Light Induction of Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-I Expression and Activation of Dopaminergic Neurones within the Premammillary Nucleus of the Turkey Hypothalamus","volume":"19","author":"Thayananuphat","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00269140","article-title":"Immunocytochemical and Histochemical Analyses of Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone, Tyrosine Hydroxylase, and Cytochrome Oxidase Reactivity within the Hypothalamus of Chicks Showing Early Sexual Maturation","volume":"99","author":"Fraley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Histochemistry"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1159\/000126128","article-title":"Dopaminergic Regulation of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Release at the Median Eminence Level: Immunocytochemical and Physiological Evidence in Hens","volume":"55","author":"Contijoch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8909","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-22-08909.1997","article-title":"Photoperiodically Driven Changes in Fos Expression within the Basal Tuberal Hypothalamus and Median Eminence of Japanese Quail","volume":"17","author":"Meddle","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-005-0126-8","article-title":"T3 Implantation Mimics Photoperiodically Reduced Encasement of Nerve Terminals by Glial Processes in the Median Eminence of Japanese Quail","volume":"324","author":"Yamamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod60.6.1324","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Evidence That Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone Reside in Separate Cells in the Chicken Pituitary","volume":"60","author":"Proudman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_291","first-page":"61","article-title":"Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone: Forms and Functions in Birds","volume":"9","author":"Dunn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Avian Poult. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2005.10.002","article-title":"Comparison of the Ability of the Three Endogenous GnRHs to Stimulate Release of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone in Chickens","volume":"31","author":"Proudman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1240291","article-title":"Physiological Roles of Chicken LHRH-I and-II in the Control of Gonadotrophin Release in the Domestic Chicken","volume":"124","author":"Sharp","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-08-0544","article-title":"The Chicken Type III GnRH Receptor Homologue Is Predominantly Expressed in the Pituitary, and Exhibits Similar Ligand Selectivity to the Type I Receptor","volume":"202","author":"Joseph","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11472","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.19.11472","article-title":"Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors with Intracellular Carboxyl-Terminal Tails Undergo Acute Desensitization of Total Inositol Phosphate Production and Exhibit Accelerated Internalization Kinetics","volume":"273","author":"Heding","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R9-12","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.156r009","article-title":"Contrasting Internalization Kinetics of Human and Chicken Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors Mediated by C-Terminal Tail","volume":"156","author":"Pawson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_297","first-page":"979","article-title":"Dependence of Agonist Activation on an Aromatic Moiety in the DPLIY Motif of the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor","volume":"10","author":"Arora","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.9.9968","article-title":"Mutations of the Conserved DRS Motif in the Second Intracellular Loop of the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Affect Expression, Activation, and Internalization","volume":"11","author":"Arora","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3860","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0028","article-title":"Multiple Determinants for Rapid Agonist-Induced Internalization of a Nonmammalian Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor: A Putative Palmitoylation Site and Threonine Doublet within the Carboxyl-Terminal Tail Are Critical","volume":"144","author":"Pawson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1730001","article-title":"Signalling, Cycling and Desensitisation of Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Receptors","volume":"173","author":"McArdle","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(99)00024-6","article-title":"The Tail of the Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Receptor: Desensitization at, and Distal to, G Protein-Coupled Receptors","volume":"151","author":"McArdle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3022(03)00027-X","article-title":"Structure of the GnRH Receptor-Stimulated Signaling Network: Insights from Genomics","volume":"24","author":"Ruf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7754","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M009020200","article-title":"A Chicken Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor That Confers Agonist Activity to Mammalian Antagonists: Identification of D-Lys6 in the Ligand and Extracellular Loop Two of the Receptor as Determinants","volume":"276","author":"Sun","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2010.03.029","article-title":"Activation of the Chicken Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone Receptor Reduces Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor Signaling","volume":"167","author":"Shimizu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod55.5.1055","article-title":"Characterization of the Chicken Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor (cFSH-R) Complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acid, and Expression of cFSH-R Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Ovary","volume":"55","author":"You","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1250683","article-title":"Role of FSH and Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) in the Initiation of Steroidogenesis in Granulosa Cells Associated with Follicular Selection in Chicken Ovaries","volume":"125","author":"Hernandez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod65.5.1352","article-title":"Activin A and Gonadotropin Regulation of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Messenger RNA in Avian Granulosa Cells","volume":"65","author":"Davis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.032573","article-title":"Cellular Mechanisms and Modulation of Activin A-and Transforming Growth Factor \u03b2-Mediated Differentiation in Cultured Hen Granulosa Cells","volume":"71","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3116","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.7.8240","article-title":"Regulation of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein and Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Hen Granulosa Cells","volume":"142","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod55.2.304","article-title":"Characterization of a Chicken Luteinizing Hormone Receptor (cLH-R) Complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acid, and Expression of cLH-R Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Ovary","volume":"55","author":"Johnson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2012.08.005","article-title":"Melatonin Stimulates the Synthesis and Release of Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone in Birds","volume":"181","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-07-0369","article-title":"Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone (GnIH) Receptor Gene Is Expressed in the Chicken Ovary: Potential Role of GnIH in Follicular Maturation","volume":"135","author":"Maddineni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2009.03.010","article-title":"Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone Receptor Signaling and Its Impact on Reproduction in Chickens","volume":"163","author":"McFarlane","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S., Wang, Y., Liu, L., Li, D., Liu, Z., Shen, X., Xu, H., Zhao, X., Zhu, Q., and Yin, H. (2017). Influence of Three Lighting Regimes during Ten Weeks Growth Phase on Laying Performance, Plasma Levels- and Tissue Specific Gene Expression- of Reproductive Hormones in Pengxian Yellow Pullets. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177358"},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.02.012","article-title":"Photoperiodic Response Curves for Plasma LH Concentrations and Age at First Egg in Female Broiler Breeders","volume":"109","author":"Lewis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105279","article-title":"Analysis of Reproductive Hormones and Transcriptomics in the Hypothalamus and Pituitary under Different Photoperiods","volume":"104","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2009.11.002","article-title":"The Role of Retinal and Extra-Retinal Photostimulation in Reproductive Activity in Broiler Breeder Hens","volume":"38","author":"Mobarkey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-01652","article-title":"Influence of Red Light on Reproductive Performance, Eggshell Ultrastructure, and Eye Morphology in Thai-Native Hens","volume":"90","author":"Gongruttananun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(74)90026-4","article-title":"Melatonin in the Chicken Brain: Its Origin, Diurnal Variation, and Regional Distribution","volume":"22","author":"Pang","year":"1974","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mobarkey, N., Avital, N., Heiblum, R., and Rozenboim, I. (2013). The Effect of Parachlorophenylalanine and Active Immunization Against Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide on Reproductive Activities of Broiler Breeder Hens Photostimulated with Green Light. Biol. Reprod., 88.","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.112.103697"},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0511922","article-title":"Physiological Development of Cockerels as Influenced by Selected Wavelengths of Environmental Light","volume":"51","author":"Foss","year":"1972","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.16.25","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Deiodination in Birds","volume":"16","author":"Darras","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2007.09.009","article-title":"The Anatomy and Physiology of the Avian Endocrine System","volume":"11","author":"Ritchie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(90)90200-6","article-title":"Hypometabolic Effect of 3, 3\u2032, 5\u2032-Triiodothyronine in Chickens: Interaction with Hypermetabolic Effect of 3, 5, 3\u2032-Triiodothyronine","volume":"77","author":"Bobek","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:19910409","article-title":"Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) Is Not Thyrotropic but Somatotropic in Fed and Starved Adult Chickens","volume":"31","author":"Herremans","year":"1991","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2005.10.014","article-title":"Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone as a Thyrotropin-Releasing Factor in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates","volume":"146","author":"Darras","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02550-6","article-title":"Distribution of Somatostatin in the Brain and of Somatostatin and Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in Peripheral Tissues of the Chicken","volume":"873","author":"Geris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4172\/jpb.1000195","article-title":"A Signaling Network of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone","volume":"4","author":"Goel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_329","first-page":"149","article-title":"Role of Thyroid Hormones in Birds in the Light of Recent Knowledge","volume":"47","author":"Kowalik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rocz. Nauk. Zool."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(07)58003-4","article-title":"Cell and Molecular Biology of Transthyretin and Thyroid Hormones","volume":"258","author":"Richardson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_331","first-page":"2157583","article-title":"Abnormalities of Thyroid Hormone Metabolism during Systemic Illness: The Low T3 Syndrome in Different Clinical Settings","volume":"2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6480(03)00220-X","article-title":"Dynamics and Regulation of Intracellular Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in Embryonic Chicken Liver, Kidney, Brain, and Blood","volume":"134","author":"Reyns","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5144","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.12.5599","article-title":"Expression of Chicken Hepatic Type I and Type III Iodothyronine Deiodinases during Embryonic Development","volume":"138","author":"Sanders","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6480(02)00065-5","article-title":"Differential Expression of Iodothyronine Deiodinases in Chicken Tissues during the Last Week of Embryonic Development","volume":"128","author":"Segers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502760143791","article-title":"Mechanism of Thyroid Hormone Action","volume":"12","author":"Harvey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-2025","article-title":"Characterization of Chicken Thyroid Hormone Transporters","volume":"157","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-0674(93)90003-9","article-title":"The Nuclear Pore Complex and Nucleocytoplasmic Transport","volume":"5","author":"Newmeyer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)01223-4","article-title":"Chicken Thyroid Hormone Receptor \u03b1 Requires the N-Terminal Amino Acids for Exclusive Nuclear Localization","volume":"416","author":"Andersson","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60047","article-title":"Mechanisms of Thyroid Hormone Action","volume":"122","author":"Brent","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2007.0251","article-title":"The Role of the Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) Neuron as a Metabolic Sensor","volume":"18","author":"Hollenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783X-15-S2-50","article-title":"Leptin Receptors","volume":"15","author":"Gorska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9375-y","article-title":"Advances in TRH Signaling","volume":"17","author":"Charli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1087","article-title":"Central Regulation of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis under Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions","volume":"35","author":"Fekete","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2019.10.062","article-title":"Characterization of a Novel Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor, TRHR3, in Chickens","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(92)90209-3","article-title":"Structural and Functional Aspects of the Thyroid Follicular Epithelium","volume":"64","author":"Ericson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0184-8","article-title":"The Role of Thyroglobulin in Thyroid Hormonogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Citterio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_347","first-page":"83","article-title":"Demonstration of Thyroglobulin in the Thyroid Glands of Obese Strain and Normal White Leghorn Chicken Embryos","volume":"11","author":"Nilsson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(78)90013-2","article-title":"Effects of Antiserum Containing Thyroglobulin Antibody on the Chicken Thyroid Gland","volume":"10","author":"Jaroszewski","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(84)90500-X","article-title":"The Level of Thyroglobulin mRNA Is Regulated by TSH Both in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"122","author":"Avvedimento","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI15990","article-title":"Thyroid Functions of Mouse Cathepsins B, K, and L","volume":"111","author":"Friedrichs","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_351","unstructured":"Rousset, B., Dupuy, C., Miot, F., and Dumont, J. (2025, October 20). Chapter 2 Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Secretion, Endotext, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK285550\/."},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42113","article-title":"Mice Deficient in MCT8 Reveal a Mechanism Regulating Thyroid Hormone Secretion","volume":"120","author":"Liao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12094","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)43238-3","article-title":"Affinity Chromatography of Thyroid Hormone Receptors. Biospecific Elution from Support Matrices, Characterization of the Partially Purified Receptor","volume":"256","author":"Apriletti","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3283939","article-title":"The Steroid and Thyroid Hormone Receptor Superfamily","volume":"240","author":"Evans","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/378690a0","article-title":"A Structural Role for Hormone in the Thyroid Hormone Receptor","volume":"378","author":"Wagner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-3-12-1996","article-title":"Mutations of the Rat Growth Hormone Promoter Which Increase and Decrease Response to Thyroid Hormone Define a Consensus Thyroid Hormone Response Element","volume":"3","author":"Brent","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90393-S","article-title":"Ligand-Activated Thyroid Hormone and Retinoic Acid Receptors Inhibit Growth Factor Receptor Promoter Expression","volume":"62","author":"Hudson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_358","first-page":"5005","article-title":"Differential DNA Binding by Monomeric, Homodimeric, and Potentially Heteromeric Forms of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor","volume":"11","author":"Lazar","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8329","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.16.8329","article-title":"Ligand Induction of a Transcriptionally Active Thyroid Hormone Receptor Coactivator Complex","volume":"93","author":"Fondell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29812","article-title":"Deiodinases: Implications of the Local Control of Thyroid Hormone Action","volume":"116","author":"Bianco","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mcnabb, F.A., and King, D.B. (1993). Thyroid Hormone Effects on Growth, Development, and Metabolism. The Endocrinology of Growth, Development, and Metabolism in Vertebrates, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-629055-4.50020-9"},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(78)90255-1","article-title":"Effect of Fasting on T3 and T4 Concentrations in Chicken Serum","volume":"34","author":"May","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(85)90310-7","article-title":"Food Intake Regulation of Circulating Thyroid Hormones in Domestic Fowl","volume":"60","author":"Klandorf","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669987944","article-title":"Effect of Early-Age Thermal Conditioning and Food Restriction on Performance and Thermotolerance of Male Broiler Chickens","volume":"40","author":"Yahav","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_365","first-page":"79","article-title":"Daily Changes in Thyroid Activity in the Frog Rana Perezi: Variation with Season","volume":"114","author":"Gancedo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.07.040","article-title":"New Insights into Ancient Seasonal Life Timers","volume":"18","author":"Hazlerigg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.11.060","article-title":"Photoperiodism: Shall EYA Compare Thee to a Summer\u2019s Day?","volume":"21","author":"Hut","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06738","article-title":"Thyrotrophin in the Pars Tuberalis Triggers Photoperiodic Response","volume":"452","author":"Nakao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0590647","article-title":"Effects of Light Environment and Pinealectomy on Growth and Thyroid Function in the Broiler Cockerel","volume":"59","author":"Osol","year":"1980","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103999","article-title":"Effects of Thyroid Hormone on Monochromatic Light Combinations Mediate Skeletal Muscle Fiber Pattern in Broilers","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669608417835","article-title":"Effects of Diurnally Cycling versus Constant Temperatures on Chicken Growth and Food Intake","volume":"37","author":"Yahav","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3487","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0782","article-title":"Physiological Thyroid Hormone Levels Regulate Numerous Skeletal Muscle Transcripts","volume":"94","author":"Visser","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0218-2","article-title":"Deiodinases and Their Intricate Role in Thyroid Hormone Homeostasis","volume":"15","author":"Luongo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R57","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0611","article-title":"Role of Thyroid Hormone in Skeletal Muscle Physiology","volume":"236","author":"Bloise","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagliocchi, S., Cicatiello, A.G., Di Cicco, E., Ambrosio, R., Miro, C., Di Girolamo, D., Nappi, A., Mancino, G., De Stefano, M.A., and Luongo, C. (2019). The Thyroid Hormone Activating Enzyme, Type 2 Deiodinase, Induces Myogenic Differentiation by Regulating Mitochondrial Metabolism and Reducing Oxidative Stress. Redox Biol., 24.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101228"},{"key":"ref_376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110409","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Regulates Glutamine Metabolism and Anaplerotic Fluxes by Inducing Mitochondrial Glutamate Aminotransferase GPT2","volume":"38","author":"Cicatiello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218145","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/218145","article-title":"The Role of Thyroid Hormones as Inductors of Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration","volume":"2013","author":"Villanueva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7471890","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7471890","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Produced by Hyperthyroidism Status Induces the Antioxidant Enzyme Transcription through the Activation of the Nrf-2 Factor in Lymphoid Tissues of Balb\/c Mice","volume":"2019","author":"Costilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_379","first-page":"171","article-title":"The Lymphatic System of the Domestic Fowl","volume":"101","author":"Dransfield","year":"1945","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000143060","article-title":"The Innervation of the Suprarenal Gland of the Fowl (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"69","author":"Freedman","year":"1968","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00307165","article-title":"Fine Structure and Innervation of the Avian Adrenal Gland: II. Cholinergic Innervation of Adrenal Chromaffin Cells","volume":"145","author":"Unsicker","year":"1973","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"ref_382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00306724","article-title":"Fine Structure and Innervation of the Avian Adrenal Gland: III. Non-Cholinergic Nerve Fibers","volume":"145","author":"Unsicker","year":"1973","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"ref_383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02346231","article-title":"Fine Structure and Innervation of the Avian Adrenal Gland: V. Innervation of Interrenal Cells","volume":"146","author":"Unsicker","year":"1973","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"ref_384","first-page":"199","article-title":"Histocytological and Histochemical Features of the Adrenal Gland of Adult Egyptian Native Breeds of Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)","volume":"6","author":"Moawad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_385","first-page":"82","article-title":"Peculiarities of the Morphology of the Adrenal Glands of Chickens","volume":"5","author":"Kot","year":"2020","journal-title":"\u041d\u0430\u0443\u043ao\u0432\u0456 \u0413o\u0440\u0438\u0437o\u043d\u0442\u0438"},{"key":"ref_386","first-page":"20","article-title":"Adrenal Gland of Poultry: Anatomy, Microscopy, Morphometry, and Histochemistry","volume":"13","author":"Kot","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. World\u2019s Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_387","first-page":"715","article-title":"Morphological and Histological Studies on the Adrenal Gland in Male and Female Chicken (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"5","author":"Sarkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_388","first-page":"195","article-title":"Light and Electron Microscope Studies of the Adrenal Glands of the Egyptian Geese (Alopochen aegyptiacus)","volume":"12","author":"Elzoghby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lucr. \u0218tiin\u021bifice Med. Vet. Univ. \u0218tiin\u021be Agric. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-8166(97)80019-5","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Localization of Serotonin, Galanin, Cholecystokinin, and Methionine-Enkephalin in Adrenal Medullary Cells of the Chicken","volume":"29","author":"Ohmori","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00307164","article-title":"Fine Structure and Innervation of the Avian Adrenal Gland: I. Fine Structure of Adrenal Chromaffin Cells and Ganglion Cells","volume":"145","author":"Unsicker","year":"1973","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"ref_391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00327289","article-title":"The Structural Organization and the Steroidogenic Responsiveness in Vitro of Adrenal Gland Tissue from the Neonatal Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos)","volume":"263","author":"Holmes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, I.C., and Phillips, J. (1986). The Adrenal and Interrenal Glands. Morphological Considerations, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-544901-4.50014-6"},{"key":"ref_393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.011038","article-title":"Morphological and Histological Studies on the Adrenal Gland of the Chicken (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"49","author":"Humayun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-017-2514-3","article-title":"Histomorphological and Stereological Study on the Adrenal Glands of Adult Female Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)","volume":"26","author":"Mohammadpour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23791","article-title":"Morphological and Histological Studies of the Adrenal Gland in the Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)","volume":"84","author":"Mustafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.1994.1013","article-title":"Regulation of Pituitary ACTH Secretion during Chronic Stress","volume":"15","author":"Aguilera","year":"1994","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2007.08.014","article-title":"Sex Differences in Plasma Corticosterone Release in Undisturbed Chickens (Gallus gallus) in Response to Arginine Vasotocin and Corticotropin Releasing Hormone","volume":"155","author":"Madison","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(70)90055-9","article-title":"A Study of ACTH and CRF in Chickens","volume":"14","author":"Salem","year":"1970","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2007.09.006","article-title":"Adrenal Steroid Metabolism in Birds: Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Considerations","volume":"11","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, H.-Y., Song, G., Lei, F., Li, D., and Qu, Y. (2021). Avian Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin: Biological Function and Regulatory Mechanisms in Physiological Stress Responses. Front. Zool., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-021-00409-w"},{"key":"ref_401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-11-1-65","article-title":"Molecular Properties of Corticosteroid Binding Globulin and the Sex-Steroid Binding Proteins","volume":"11","author":"Hammond","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-925347","article-title":"Plasma-Binding Globulins and Acute Stress Response","volume":"38","author":"Breuner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)71842-5","article-title":"Investigation of the Binding Site of Human Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin by Affinity Labeling. Demonstration of a Cysteinyl Residue in the Binding Site","volume":"252","author":"Khan","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2795(80)90256-1","article-title":"Electron Spin Resonance Study of Human Transcortin Thiol Groups and Binding Site Topography","volume":"623","author":"Defaye","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Protein Struct."},{"key":"ref_405","first-page":"113","article-title":"Glucocorticoid Metabolism and Na+ Transport in Chicken Intestine","volume":"303","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. Part A Comp. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2006.02.007","article-title":"Corticosterone Metabolism in Chicken Tissues: Evidence for Tissue-Specific Distribution of Steroid Dehydrogenases","volume":"147","author":"Vagnerova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11300","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.714378","article-title":"Identification of Avian Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin (SerpinA6) Reveals the Molecular Basis of Evolutionary Adaptations in SerpinA6 Structure and Function as a Steroid-Binding Protein","volume":"291","author":"Vashchenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8261","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.23.8261","article-title":"Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-Induced Adrenocorticotropin Hormone Release and Synthesis Is Blocked by Incorporation of the Inhibitor of Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase into Anterior Pituitary Tumor Cells by Liposomes","volume":"82","author":"Reisine","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_409","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12109","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.20.12109","article-title":"Myogenic Vector Expression of Insulin-like Growth Factor I Stimulates Muscle Cell Differentiation and Myofiber Hypertrophy in Transgenic Mice","volume":"270","author":"Coleman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00024.2017","article-title":"POMC: The Physiological Power of Hormone Processing","volume":"98","author":"Harno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2007-0160","article-title":"Heterooligomerization between Vasotocin and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Receptors Augments CRH-Stimulated 3\u2032, 5\u2032-Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Production","volume":"21","author":"Mikhailova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_412","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-79-3-652","article-title":"Action of ACTH upon Steroidogenesis in the Chicken Adrenal Gland","volume":"79","author":"Hall","year":"1966","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_413","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2005.02.008","article-title":"Hypothalamic Control of the Thyroidal Axis in the Chicken: Over the Boundaries of the Classical Hormonal Axes","volume":"29","author":"Vandenborne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_414","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0034","article-title":"Studies on the Physiological Functions of the Melanocortin System","volume":"27","author":"Cone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(98)00022-6","article-title":"Molecular Cloning of the Chicken Melanocortin 2 (ACTH)-Receptor Gene","volume":"1403","author":"Takeuchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra28","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2000593","article-title":"Regulation of G Protein\u2013Coupled Receptor Signaling: Specific Dominant-Negative Effects of Melanocortin 2 Receptor Accessory Protein 2","volume":"3","author":"Sebag","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.01.032","article-title":"Role of Melanocortin Receptor Accessory Proteins in the Function of Zebrafish Melanocortin Receptor Type 2","volume":"320","author":"Agulleiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_418","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2014.03.045","article-title":"Analysis of the Pharmacological Properties of Chicken Melanocortin-2 Receptor (cMC2R) and Chicken Melanocortin-2 Accessory Protein 1 (cMRAP1)","volume":"205","author":"Barlock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1501","article-title":"Mutations in MRAP, Encoding a New Interacting Partner of the ACTH Receptor, Cause Familial Glucocorticoid Deficiency Type 2","volume":"37","author":"Metherell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1463","article-title":"The Melanocortin 2 Receptor Accessory Protein Exists as a Homodimer and Is Essential for the Function of the Melanocortin 2 Receptor in the Mouse Y1 Cell Line","volume":"149","author":"Cooray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-29717-0_5","article-title":"Chaperoning of Glucocorticoid Receptors","volume":"172","author":"Pratt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Chaperones Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.04.038","article-title":"Glucocorticoid Receptor Function Regulated by Coordinated Action of the Hsp90 and Hsp70 Chaperone Cycles","volume":"157","author":"Kirschke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2005.04.021","article-title":"HDAC6 Regulates Hsp90 Acetylation and Chaperone-Dependent Activation of Glucocorticoid Receptor","volume":"18","author":"Kovacs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.15.7.0667","article-title":"Molecular Identification and Characterization of a and b Forms of the Glucocorticoid Receptor","volume":"15","author":"Yudt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.2.423","article-title":"Cloning of Chicken Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) and Characterization of Its Expression in Pituitary and Extrapituitary Tissues","volume":"86","author":"Kwok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_426","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2004.01.001","article-title":"Ontogeny of the Hypothalamo\u2013Pituitary\u2013Adrenocortical Axis in the Chicken Embryo: A Review","volume":"26","author":"Jenkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leach, S., and Suzuki, K. (2020). Adrenergic Signaling in Circadian Control of Immunity. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01235"},{"key":"ref_428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2008.12.009","article-title":"The Reactive Scope Model\u2014A New Model Integrating Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Stress","volume":"55","author":"Romero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hau, M., and Goymann, W. (2015). Endocrine Mechanisms, Behavioral Phenotypes and Plasticity: Known Relationships and Open Questions. Front. Zool., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-12-S1-S7"},{"key":"ref_430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.asb.2016.01.002","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-Mediated Phenotypes in Vertebrates: Multilevel Variation and Evolution","volume":"48","author":"Hau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Study Behav."},{"key":"ref_431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.18017","article-title":"Impact of Different Light Colors in Behavior, Welfare Parameters and Growth Performance of Fayoumi Broiler Chickens Strain","volume":"69","author":"Hesham","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hell. Vet. Med. Soc."},{"key":"ref_432","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117000143","article-title":"Exposing Broiler Eggs to Green, Red and White Light during Incubation","volume":"11","author":"Archer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_433","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev139","article-title":"Effects of Color Temperatures (Kelvin) of LED Bulbs on Blood Physiological Variables of Broilers Grown to Heavy Weights","volume":"94","author":"Olanrewaju","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_434","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2015.183.190","article-title":"Influence of Photoperiod, Light Intensity and Their Interaction on Health Indices of Modern Broilers Grown to Heavy Weights","volume":"14","author":"Olanrewaju","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00317","article-title":"Effects of Monochromatic Light on Immune Response of Broilers","volume":"87","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_436","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102052","article-title":"Light Color and the Commercial Broiler: Effect on Behavior, Fear, and Stress","volume":"101","author":"Franco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_437","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehaisen, G.M., Eshak, M.G., Elkaiaty, A.M., Atta, A.-R.M., Mashaly, M.M., and Abass, A.O. (2017). Comprehensive Growth Performance, Immune Function, Plasma Biochemistry, Gene Expressions and Cell Death Morphology Responses to a Daily Corticosterone Injection Course in Broiler Chickens. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172684"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/21\/3209\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T08:21:27Z","timestamp":1762330887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/21\/3209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"references-count":437,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15213209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15213209","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]}}}