{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:42:06Z","timestamp":1793731326012,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU Next Generation EU through the Recovery and Resilience Plan for Slovakia","award":["9.09I03-03-V04-00483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9.09I03-03-V04-00483"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["APVV-21-0095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-21-0095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Commercial turkey breeding relies almost entirely on artificial insemination, yet avian sperm are unusually vulnerable to cooling and freezing injury. As a result, extender chemistry and processing steps, especially low-temperature equilibration, are pivotal for post-thaw performance. We evaluated how extender choice, paired with equilibration time, shapes the post-thaw quality of turkey semen. Ejaculates were diluted in Beltsville, Sperm Motility Medium (SMM), Botucrio, or Kobidil+, then equilibrated for 20 or 40 min before freezing; samples were cryostored for one month and assessed immediately after thawing. The outcomes included motility\/kinematics, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity and membrane potential, apoptosis\/necrosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA fragmentation, and bacteriological load. Overall, 20 min equilibration improved post-thaw motility and membrane integrity, and reduced DNA fragmentation and ROS. Among extenders, Beltsville delivered the best overall sperm quality. Considering the extender \u00d7 time interaction, Beltsville, Botucrio, and Kobidil+ performed best at 20 min, whereas SMM performed best at 40 min. Thus, Beltsville and SMM provide strong, time-specific options for turkey semen cryopreservation\u2014Beltsville at 20 min and SMM at 40 min.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15213218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T16:09:47Z","timestamp":1762358987000},"page":"3218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Type of Extender and Equilibration Time as Factors Affecting Post-Thaw Quality Characteristics of Turkey Semen"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1423-4580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Ataei-Nazari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9652-0446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Benko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8524-2620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Slanina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biology, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6770-0077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Vozaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"},{"name":"National Agricultural and Food Center (NPPC), Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, Hlohoveck\u00e1 2, 951 41 Lu\u017eianky, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2907-5909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"\u010eura\u010dka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AgroBioTech Reseach Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6823-5044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"V\u00e1lky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 267\/2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4188-1540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Chrenek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"},{"name":"National Agricultural and Food Center (NPPC), Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, Hlohoveck\u00e1 2, 951 41 Lu\u017eianky, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2895-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Tvrd\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"},{"name":"Chair of Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 510 06 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4460-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslava","family":"Ka\u010d\u00e1niov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"},{"name":"School of Medical and Health Sciences, VIZJA University, Okopowa 59, 010 43 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3329\/aajbb.v7i1.59384","article-title":"Efficiency of natural mating and artificial insemination in turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) breeding","volume":"7","author":"Asaduzzaman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zong, Y., Li, Y., Sun, Y., Mehaisen, G.M., Ma, T., and Chen, J. (2023). Chicken sperm cryopreservation: Review of techniques, freezing damage, and freezability mechanisms. 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