{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:14:55Z","timestamp":1788520495077,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic allergic skin disease in which various immunological markers have been investigated. While peripheral eosinophil counts, serum allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), and cytokines have each been evaluated in allergic disorders, their simultaneous assessment in dogs with AD has rarely been reported in Korea. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and clinical utility of these parameters in affected dogs. A total of 93 dogs were included between August 2019 and February 2020, comprising 65 dogs diagnosed with AD and 28 healthy controls. Clinical information, peripheral blood eosinophil counts and ratios, serum allergen-specific IgE using a multiple allergen panel (60 allergens), and cytokines related to T helper 2 (Th2) and T regulatory (Treg) cells (IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, TGF-\u03b21) were analyzed. The mean age of AD dogs was 6.34 \u00b1 3.99 years, with a predominance of small breeds and males. Eosinophil counts and ratios showed no significant difference between groups. In contrast, allergen-specific IgE levels were significantly elevated for several allergens, including Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, alder\/birch, hazel, oak, cladosporium, and selected dietary antigens (pea, soybean, pumpkin, apple) (p &lt; 0.05). Sensitization rates were also higher for Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, oak, and sheep sorrel (p &lt; 0.05). Th2-related cytokines tended to increase and TGF-\u03b21 tended to decrease in AD dogs, though without statistical significance. These findings indicate that peripheral eosinophil counts have limited diagnostic value, whereas allergen-specific IgE testing provides clinically useful information for the diagnosis and management of canine AD. Further research stratifying disease stages and assessing local tissue cytokine expression is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15213219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T16:09:47Z","timestamp":1762358987000},"page":"3219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Total Eosinophil Counts, Serum Allergen-Specific IgE and Related Cytokines in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0773-8846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Joo","family":"Chae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cheonan Animal Medical Center, Cheonan 31155, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7304-5064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Hee","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio-Animal Health, Jangan University, Hwaseong 18331, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4559-0417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee-Myung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13601-018-0228-5","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis in cats and dogs: A difficult disease for animals and owners","volume":"8","author":"Gedon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yasa.2021.07.004","article-title":"Current knowledge on canine atopic dermatitis: Pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"2","author":"Outerbridge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Small Anim. Care"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.3342\/kjorl-hns.2017.00185","article-title":"Prevalence of allergic disease in Korean adults: Results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010\u20132012)","volume":"60","author":"Im","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hensel, P., Santoro, D., Favrot, C., Hill, P., and Griffin, C. (2015). Canine atopic dermatitis: Detailed guidelines for diagnosis and allergen identification. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0515-5"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santoro, D., Marsella, R., Pucheu-Haston, C.M., Eisenschenk, M.N., Nuttall, T., and Bizikova, P. (2015). Pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis: Skin barrier and host\u2013micro-organism interaction. Vet. Dermatol., 26.","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12197"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2009.00758.x","article-title":"A prospective study on the clinical features of chronic canine atopic dermatitis and its diagnosis","volume":"21","author":"Favrot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-7396","article-title":"2023 AAHA management of allergic skin diseases in dogs and cats guidelines","volume":"59","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2000.tb03934.x","article-title":"Disease associated with pronounced eosinophilia: A study of 105 dogs in Sweden","volume":"41","author":"Lilliehook","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.04.010","article-title":"IgE in the diagnosis and treatment of allergic disease","volume":"137","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales-Romero, R., Gonzalez-Dominguez, M.S., S\u00e1nchez, J., Correa-Valencia, N.M., and Maldonado-Estrada, J.G. (2025). Efficacy of diagnostic testing for allergen sensitization in canine atopic dermatitis: A systematic review. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1551207"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klonowska, J., Glen, J., Nowicki, R.J., and Trzeciak, M. (2018). New cytokines in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis\u2014New therapeutic targets. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103086"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2013.10.017","article-title":"Allergen-induced production of IL-31 by canine Th2 cells and identification of immune, skin, and neuronal target cells","volume":"157","author":"McCandless","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48-e12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01098.x","article-title":"Interleukin-31: Its role in canine pruritus and naturally occurring canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"24","author":"Gonzales","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazrier, H., Vogelnest, L.J., Taylor, R.M., and Williamson, P. (2022). Altered plasma cytokines in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet. Dermatol., 33.","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13044"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13192","article-title":"Update on the role of cytokines and chemokines in canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"35","author":"Santoro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0905-6157.2003.00079.x","article-title":"Quantification of IgE antibodies simplifies the classification of allergic diseases in 4-year-old children: A report from the prospective birth cohort study BAMSE","volume":"14","author":"Wickman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.17555\/jvc.2021.38.3.120","article-title":"Comparison of intradermal skin test and multiple allergen simultaneous test results in canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"38","author":"Nam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Clin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1990.tb02086.x","article-title":"Blood eosinophilia in atopic dermatitis","volume":"15","author":"Uehara","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"70","article-title":"Etiologic allergens, blood eosinophil count and total IgE level according to age and site of skin lesion in atopic dermatitis","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4168\/aard.2013.1.2.123","article-title":"Relationship between serum total IgE, specific IgE, and peripheral blood eosinophil count according to specific allergic diseases","volume":"1","author":"Koh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2014.15.4.545","article-title":"Sensitization rates of causative allergens for dogs with atopic dermatitis: Detection of canine allergen-specific IgE","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2008.00654.x","article-title":"Assessment of cross-reactivity among five species of house dust and storage mites","volume":"19","author":"Saridomichelakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.56808\/2985-1130.2731","article-title":"Allergen sensitization patterns of allergic dogs: IgE-microarray analysis","volume":"46","author":"Hsiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thai J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(99)00166-X","article-title":"Positive reactions to common allergens in 42 atopic dogs in Japan","volume":"73","author":"Masuda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2006.00532.x","article-title":"House dust and forage mite allergens and their role in human and canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"17","author":"Nuttall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobi, J.I., Hauck, A., Linek, M., Chi, Y.M., Verbrugge, M., Favrot, C., and Mueller, R.S. (2014). Food-specific serum IgE and IgG reactivity in dogs with and without skin disease: Lack of correlation between laboratories. Vet. Dermatol., 25.","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12137"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2005.09.012","article-title":"Food allergies: Update of pathogenesis, diagnoses, and management","volume":"36","author":"Kennis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.05.117","article-title":"Early activation of Th2\/Th22 inflammatory and pruritogenic pathways in acute canine atopic dermatitis skin lesions","volume":"136","author":"Olivry","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soko\u0142owska, M., Wilko\u0142ek, P., Glinski, M., Szweda, W., Targo\u0144ska, I., and Twardowska, W. (2019). The influence of treatment with lokivetmab on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in dogs with spontaneously occurring atopic dermatitis. Vet. Dermatol., 30.","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12758"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12101","article-title":"Oclacitinib (APOQUEL) is a novel Janus kinase inhibitor with activity against cytokines involved in allergy","volume":"37","author":"Gonzales","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/21\/3219\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T05:19:01Z","timestamp":1762492741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/21\/3219"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15213219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15213219","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]}}}