{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T06:37:21Z","timestamp":1782628641569,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Naqu City Science and Technology Bureau Key Research and Development Project","award":["NQKJ-2023-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NQKJ-2023-07"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Southwest Minzu University","award":["ZYN2025132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYN2025132"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2021YFYZ0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFYZ0001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025ZNSFSC0979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZNSFSC0979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-weaning diarrhea caused by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major disease in piglets and leads to substantial economic losses in the swine industry. Compared to conventional lysozyme, yak stomach lysozyme (YSL) demonstrates distinctive resistance to pepsin, trypsin, high temperature, and acidic conditions. This study investigated the effects of dietary YSL supplementation on intestinal health in weaned piglets challenged with ETEC, utilizing metabolomics and proteomics. A total of 18 weaned piglets were randomly divided into three groups: control (C), diarrhea (D), and YSL treatment (YLT). Groups C and D were fed a basal diet, while the YLT group received the basal diet supplemented with YSL at a dosage of 100,000 U\/kg following ETEC challenge. Following an acclimation period, piglets in groups D and YLT were orally challenged with ETEC, while group C received the same volume of sterile LB broth. The feeding trial lasted for 21 days before sample collection. The results demonstrated that dietary supplementation with YSL significantly reduced the diarrhea rate (p &lt; 0.05). Compared with the D group, the YLT group exhibited significantly increased serum albumin levels (p &lt; 0.05), along with a tendency toward greater villus height (p = 0.085) and higher serum glucose levels (p = 0.052), indicating an improvement in nutritional and metabolic status Metabolomic analysis identified 260 differentially abundant metabolites between the YLT and D groups (81 upregulated, 179 downregulated), which were predominantly enriched in pathways related to amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism, purine metabolism, and nucleic acid metabolism. Proteomic profiling revealed 571 differentially expressed proteins (237 upregulated, 334 downregulated). Upregulated proteins were mainly involved in arginine biosynthesis and base excision repair, while downregulated proteins were associated with the PPAR signaling pathway and Salmonella infection. In summary, dietary YSL supplementation alters the metabolic and proteomic profiles in the intestines of diarrheic piglets, potentially improving gut barrier function and nutrient utilization. This study offers novel insights into the potential of YSL as a promising feed additive for prevention of post-weaning diarrhea in pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15223287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T10:07:03Z","timestamp":1763114823000},"page":"3287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dietary Supplementation with Yak Stomach Lysozyme Improves Intestinal Health and Nutrient Metabolism in Weaned Piglets Challenged with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zaiwen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yili","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingfeng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2021.e54","article-title":"Effects of dietary lysozyme supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal microbiota, and blood profiles of weanling pigs challenged with Escherichia coli","volume":"63","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Qiao, H., Gan, L., Wang, P., Zhao, Y., Lei, Z., Chou, Y., Hou, C., Li, M., and Wang, J. (2025). Impacts of zinc caproate supplementation on growth performance, intestinal health, anti-inflammatory activity, and Zn homeostasis in weaned piglets challenged with Escherichia coli K88. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01172-2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2020.09.004","article-title":"Use of antimicrobials in food animals and impact of transmission of antimicrobial resistance on humans","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosaf. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, B., Fu, J., Zhu, L., Li, Z., Jin, M., and Wang, Y. (2021). Overall assessment of antibiotic substitutes for pigs: A set of meta-analyses. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00534-2"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5782","article-title":"Lysozyme as an alternative to antibiotics improves growth performance and small intestinal morphology in nursery pigs","volume":"91","author":"Oliver","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4927","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8033","article-title":"Lysozyme as an alternative to antibiotics improves performance in nursery pigs during an indirect immune challenge","volume":"92","author":"Oliver","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nawaz, N., Wen, S., Wang, F., Nawaz, S., Raza, J., Iftikhar, M., and Usman, M. (2022). Lysozyme and Its Application as Antibacterial Agent in Food Industry. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196305"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.09.017","article-title":"What is new in lysozyme research and its application in food industry? A review","volume":"274","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e07918","article-title":"Safety evaluation of the food enzyme lysozyme from hens\u2019 eggs","volume":"21","author":"Bolognesi","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2017.06.024","article-title":"Encapsulation of Lysozyme into halloysite nanotubes and dispersion in PLA: Structural and physical properties and controlled release analysis","volume":"93","author":"Bugatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"3637","article-title":"Hematology profile, digestive enzymes, thyroid hormones, productivity, and nitrogen balance of growing male rabbits supplemented with exogenous dietary lysozyme","volume":"34","author":"Abdelazeem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sindaye, D., Xiao, Z., Wen, C., Yang, K., Zhang, L., Liao, P., Zhang, F., Xin, Z., He, S., and Ye, S. (2023). Exploring the effects of lysozyme dietary supplementation on laying hens: Performance, egg quality, and immune response. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1273372"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0511-4","article-title":"Lysozyme improves gut performance and protects against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in neonatal piglets","volume":"49","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO02335B","article-title":"Dietary lysozyme supplementation contributes to enhanced intestinal functions and gut microflora of piglets","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"173","article-title":"Comparative study of catalytic properties in three Tibetan ruminant stomach lysozymes","volume":"59","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1952","article-title":"Study on Resistance of Yak Stomach Lysozyme in Mice Diarrhea","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.06.003","article-title":"Dietary lysozyme improves growth performance and intestinal barrier function of weaned piglets","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.08.041","article-title":"High-Fat Diet Promotes Colorectal Tumorigenesis Through Modulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolites","volume":"162","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103518","article-title":"Evaluation of dietary lignin on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations, gut morphometry, and lipid oxidation","volume":"103","author":"Leite","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518002507","article-title":"Lysozyme-rich milk mitigates effects of malnutrition in a pig model of malnutrition and infection","volume":"120","author":"Garas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.05.010","article-title":"Precise evaluation of the nutritional value of yeast culture and its effect on pigs fed low-protein diets","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, N., Ma, X., and Jiang, X. (2022). Effects of Immobilized Antimicrobial Peptides on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Index, Inflammatory Factors, Intestinal Morphology, and Microbial Community in Weaning Pigs. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.872990"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Huang, P., Cui, X., Li, X., Sun, J., Ji, Q., Wei, Q., Huang, Y., Li, Z., and Bao, G. (2022). Effects of Dietary Coated Lysozyme on the Growth Performance, Antioxidant Activity, Immunity and Gut Health of Weaned Piglets. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111470"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.11.008","article-title":"Growth performance, serum parameters, inflammatory responses, intestinal morphology and microbiota of weaned piglets fed 18% crude protein diets with different ratios of standardized ileal digestible isoleucine to lysine","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.02.005","article-title":"A comparative study to determine the effects of breed and feed restriction on glucose metabolism of chickens","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, C., Chen, Y., Yin, D., and Yuan, J. (2023). Effects of Different Dietary Starch Sources and Digestible Lysine Levels on Carcass Traits, Serum Metabolites, Liver Lipid and Breast Muscle Protein Metabolism in Broiler Chickens. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132104"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Wang, L., Yang, L., Yang, G., Zeng, X., and Qiao, S. (2022). Different dietary starch patterns in low-protein diets: Effect on nitrogen efficiency, nutrient metabolism, and intestinal flora in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00704-4"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Li, Y., Zhao, Y., Wang, G., Liu, R., Li, Y., Aftab, Q., Sun, Z., and Zhong, Q. (2024). Effects of the kinetic pattern of dietary glucose release on nitrogen utilization, the portal amino acid profile, and nutrient transporter expression in intestinal enterocytes in piglets. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-024-01000-z"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000188","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202000188","article-title":"Microbial Metabolites, Postbiotics, and Intestinal Epithelial Function","volume":"65","author":"Mayorgas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-020-00814-7","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiome and its metabolites in metabolic diseases","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Z., Ma, Y., Yang, S., Zhang, S., Liu, S., Xiao, J., Wang, Y., Wang, W., Yang, H., and Li, S. (2022). Gut microbiota-derived ursodeoxycholic acid from neonatal dairy calves improves intestinal homeostasis and colitis to attenuate extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection. Microbiome, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01269-0"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519002216","article-title":"Niacin nutrition and rumen-protected niacin supplementation in dairy cows: An updated review","volume":"122","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-3161-1","article-title":"Enzymology of NAD+ homeostasis in man","volume":"61","author":"Magni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7508","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.TM117.000258","article-title":"Spatiotemporal compartmentalization of hepatic NADH and NADPH metabolism","volume":"293","author":"Goodman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bock, K.W. (2020). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) functions: Balancing opposing processes including inflammatory reactions. Biochem. Pharmacol., 178.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114093"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.07.003","article-title":"Acetyl-CoA metabolism maintains histone acetylation for syncytialization of human placental trophoblast stem cells","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-022-00543-5","article-title":"Acetyl-CoA metabolism in cancer","volume":"23","author":"Guertin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00487-4","article-title":"Serine catabolism generates liver NADPH and supports hepatic lipogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Xiong, X., Yin, J., Zou, L., Wang, K., Shao, Y., and Yin, Y. (2019). Dietary Lysozyme Alters Sow\u2019s Gut Microbiota, Serum Immunity and Milk Metabolite Profile. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00177"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4875","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz334","article-title":"Supplemental effects of dietary nucleotides on intestinal health and growth performance of newly weaned pigs","volume":"97","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22490","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the effects of sulfate versus hydroxy trace mineral source on nutrient digestibility in dairy and beef cattle","volume":"106","author":"Ibraheem","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.3.606","article-title":"Catabolism dominates the first-pass intestinal metabolism of dietary essential amino acids in milk protein-fed piglets","volume":"128","author":"Stoll","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.07.009","article-title":"Amino acids in piglet diarrhea: Effects, mechanisms and insights","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1159\/000491967","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Serine Supplementation on Intestinal Integrity, Inflammation and Oxidative Status in Early-Weaned Piglets","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4702","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201902690R","article-title":"Serine is required for the maintenance of redox balance and proliferation in the intestine under oxidative stress","volume":"34","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-01001-y","article-title":"The threat of programmed DNA damage to neuronal genome integrity and plasticity","volume":"54","author":"Caldecott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9003","DOI":"10.1021\/bi025942q","article-title":"Hint, Fhit, and GalT: Function, structure, evolution, and mechanism of three branches of the histidine triad superfamily of nucleotide hydrolases and transferases","volume":"41","author":"Brenner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05164","article-title":"The neurodegenerative disease protein aprataxin resolves abortive DNA ligation intermediates","volume":"443","author":"Ahel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)03182-4","article-title":"Transport of protein toxins into cells: Pathways used by ricin, cholera toxin and Shiga toxin","volume":"529","author":"Sandvig","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq050","article-title":"ILK mediates LPS-induced vascular adhesion receptor expression and subsequent leucocyte trans-endothelial migration","volume":"86","author":"Hortelano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000679","article-title":"The next generation of triglyceride-lowering drugs: Will reducing apolipoprotein C-III or angiopoietin like protein 3 reduce cardiovascular disease?","volume":"31","author":"Reeskamp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-023-09379-z","article-title":"Silencing ApoC3 alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting TLR signaling pathway","volume":"71","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.08.060","article-title":"Mechanosensitive recruitment of Vinculin maintains junction integrity and barrier function at epithelial tricellular junctions","volume":"34","author":"Iseler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27277","article-title":"Influence of cytoskeleton organization on recombinant protein expression by CHO cells","volume":"117","author":"Pourcel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2024-0107","article-title":"Development of a highly effective recombinant protein from human collagen type III Alpha 1 (COL3A1) to enhance human skin cell functionality","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156276","article-title":"S6K\/FLNC\/ITG\u03b23 signaling pathway regulates osteoclastogenesis and the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by columbianadin","volume":"136","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, F., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., Wei, W., Huang, F., Yang, D., Zhang, Y., Zhang, R., Xia, X., and Chen, Q. (2025). PDLIM3 Regulates Migration and Invasion of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma via YAP-Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073147"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durante, W. (2019). The Emerging Role of l-Glutamine in Cardiovascular Health and Disease. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092092"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2307256","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202307256","article-title":"Role of Argininosuccinate Synthase 1-Dependent L-Arginine Biosynthesis in the Protective Effect of Endothelial Sirtuin 3 Against Atherosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, F., Yu, Y., Li, Z., Ren, Y., Li, Z., Ye, Q., Liu, P., Ji, C., Qian, L., and Xiong, Y. (2022). Arginase: An emerging and promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Biomed. Pharmacother., 149.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112840"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-85686-1_10","article-title":"L-Arginine Nutrition and Metabolism in Ruminants","volume":"1354","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222961","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2222961","article-title":"L-arginine metabolism as pivotal interface of mutual host-microbe interactions in the gut","volume":"15","author":"Holland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.09.042","article-title":"Dietary L-arginine supplementation enhances growth performance, intestinal antioxidative capacity, immunity and modulates gut microbiota in yellow-feathered chickens","volume":"99","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01098-2","article-title":"The roles of arginases and arginine in immunity","volume":"25","author":"Geiger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105251","article-title":"Acute regulation of apical ABC transporters in the gut. Potential influence on drug bioavailability","volume":"163","author":"Tocchetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104512","article-title":"Low protein diet influences mineral absorption and utilization in medium-growing yellow-feathered broilers from 1 to 30 days of age","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/22\/3287\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T05:24:55Z","timestamp":1763184295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/22\/3287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15223287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15223287","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]}}}