{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T01:49:05Z","timestamp":1783561745310,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Talent Fund of China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital","award":["2223001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2223001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is a common chronic cystitis disease in cats, accounting for 55\u201365% of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). The common clinical symptoms of FIC include pollakiuria, periuria, hematuria, and dysuria. At present, the disease is mainly excluded by evaluating the results of blood, urine, and imaging examinations of diseased animals. There is still a lack of clear and objective indicators for the diagnosis of FIC in clinical practice. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) can be used as an indicator to measure immune inflammatory response and neuroendocrine pressure. It is an economical, efficient, and simple calculation method. In this study, the correlation between NLR and FIC was analyzed by collecting the complete blood count data of FIC cats and healthy cats. The results of inter-group difference comparison showed that the LYMPH levels in the normal group were significantly higher than that in the FIC group (p &lt; 0.001), and the NEUT levels and NLR levels were distinctly lower than those in the FIC group (p &lt; 0.001). Spearman correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between NLR and FIC (r = \u22120.8439, p &lt; 0.0001). ROC analysis showed that NLR had high diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing healthy cats from FIC cats (AUC = 0.9872). In general, this study preliminarily confirmed that there was a significant correlation between NLR elevation and FIC, emphasizing the prospective utility of NLR as a promising biomarker for diagnosis in FIC. Because of the lack of uniform diagnostic criteria for FIC, NLR may provide important help in the diagnosis process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15223307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:58:42Z","timestamp":1763459922000},"page":"3307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Promising Non-Invasive Biomarker for Diagnosis of Feline Idiopathic Cystitis in Cats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhangxu Veterinary Hospital, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenkai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwei","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meilin","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.k1848","article-title":"Understanding feline idiopathic cystitis","volume":"182","author":"Sparkes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2025.02.005","article-title":"Association between behavioral factors and recurrence rate in cats with feline \u201cidiopathic\u201d cystitis","volume":"78","author":"Caudron","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"107","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological study in cats with idiopathic cystitis","volume":"48","author":"Morar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lucr. \u0218tiin\u021bifice"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16663593","article-title":"Urine protein, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio and N-acetyl-\u03b2-D-glucosaminidase index in cats with idiopathic cystitis vs healthy control cats","volume":"19","author":"Panboon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Elliott, J., and Grauer, G.F. (2007). Management of non-obstructive idiopathic\/interstitial cystitis in cats. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Nephrology and Urology, Replika Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/17415349.2009.11013073","article-title":"Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD): An overview","volume":"24","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Nurs. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.02.007","article-title":"Feline idiopathic cystitis","volume":"45","author":"Forrester","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15587955","article-title":"Risk factors for idiopathic cystitis in Norwegian cats: A matched case\u2013control study","volume":"18","author":"Lund","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.01.090","article-title":"Abnormalities in expression of structural, barrier and differentiation related proteins, and chondroitin sulfate in feline and human interstitial cystitis","volume":"194","author":"Hauser","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.09.008","article-title":"Changing paradigms of feline idiopathic cystitis","volume":"39","author":"Kruger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.6.843","article-title":"Effects of oral administration of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine on plasma and urine concentrations of glycosaminoglycans in cats with idiopathic cystitis","volume":"72","author":"Panchaphanpong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"924","article-title":"Alterations of glycosaminoglycan metabolism in the development of diabetic complications in relation to metabolic control","volume":"43","author":"Olczyk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/14.3.620","article-title":"Urine N-acetyl-\u03b2-D-glucosaminidase: A marker of tubular damage?","volume":"14","author":"Bosomworth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"5","article-title":"Ratio of neutrophil to lymphocyte counts\u2014Rapid and simple parameter of systemic inflammation and stress in critically ill","volume":"102","author":"Zahorec","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bratisl. Lek\u00e1rske Listy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-7682-5-2","article-title":"Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio as a measure of systemic inflammation in prevalent chronic diseases in Asian population","volume":"5","author":"Imtiaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13067","article-title":"Retrospective investigation of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in dogs with pneumonia: 49 cases (2011\u20132016)","volume":"31","author":"Conway","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donato, G., Pennisi, M.G., Maria, F.P., Archer, J., and Masucci, M. (2023). A retrospective comparative evaluation of selected blood cell ratios, acute phase proteins, and leukocyte changes suggestive of inflammation in cats. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13162579"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017del, M.K., Alenka, N.S., Tozon, N., and Pavlin, D. (2024). Hemogram-derived inflammatory markers in cats with chronic kidney disease. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14121813"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gori, E., Pierini, A., Lippi, I., Lubas, G., and Marchetti, V. (2021). Leukocytes ratios in feline systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis: A retrospective analysis of 209 cases. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061644"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13414","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic marker in cats with blunt trauma (2018\u20132021): 177 cases","volume":"34","author":"Doulidis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12534","article-title":"Evaluation of leukocyte counts and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as predictors of local recurrence of feline injection site sarcoma after curative-intent surgery","volume":"18","author":"Chiti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12686","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is an independent prognostic marker for feline mammary carcinomas","volume":"19","author":"Petrucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2008.07.010","article-title":"Mental and physical fatigue-related biochemical alterations","volume":"25","author":"Nozaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000603400204","article-title":"The effects of exercise in forest and urban environments on sympathetic nervous activity of normal young adults","volume":"34","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199417020-00002","article-title":"Infection in athletes","volume":"17","author":"Gleeson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R192","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9309","article-title":"Lymphocytopenia and neutrophil\u2013lymphocyte count ratio predict bacteremia better than conventional infection markers in an emergency care unit","volume":"14","author":"Mathoera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dju124","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dju124","article-title":"Prognostic role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in solid tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"Templeton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ke, H., Zhu, L., Wang, Q., and Xu, K. (2023). Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a promising non-invasive biomarker for symptom assessment and diagnosis of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome. BMC Urol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-023-01353-z"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2024.105137","article-title":"No viable bacterial communities reside in the urinary bladder of cats with feline idiopathic cystitis","volume":"168","author":"Balboni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000316","article-title":"The intriguing host innate immune response: Novel anti-parasitic defence by neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"141","author":"Hermosilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540310015656","article-title":"Fas-ligand mediated apoptosis in severe sepsis and shock","volume":"35","author":"Ayala","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2011.08.001","article-title":"Risk factors and clinical presentation of cats with feline idiopathic cystitis","volume":"13","author":"Defauw","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.1.67","article-title":"Sickness behaviors in response to unusual external events in healthy cats and cats with feline interstitial cystitis","volume":"238","author":"Stella","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"63","article-title":"Effect of chronic noise stress on some selected stress indices in albino rats","volume":"19","author":"Sembulingam","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"474","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, past, present and future perspectives","volume":"122","author":"Zahorec","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bratisl. Lek\u00e1rske Listy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00216.x","article-title":"A study of environmental and behavioural factors that may be associated with feline idiopathic cystitis","volume":"45","author":"Cameron","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1997.36003","article-title":"Elucidating the risk factors of feline lower urinary tract disease","volume":"45","author":"Jones","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(93)90062-T","article-title":"Behavioral and physiological correlates of stress in laboratory cats","volume":"38","author":"Carlstead","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/22\/3307\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T10:24:20Z","timestamp":1763461460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/22\/3307"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15223307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15223307","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]}}}