{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T10:30:50Z","timestamp":1763461850433,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology Innovation Platform and Talent Special Project","award":["20230508090RC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230508090RC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate the regulatory effects of dietary fiber structure (\u03b2-glucan-to-arabinoxylan ratio, \u03b2\/AX) and apparent viscosity (AV) on production performance in pigs, this study used a 2 \u00d7 3 factorial design, randomly assigning 36 growing pigs (47.2 \u00b1 1.5 kg) to six dietary treatments (two AV levels and three \u03b2\/AX ratios), and observed the growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, intestinal microbiota, and liver lipid metabolism. The results showed that increased dietary \u03b2\/AX and AV reduced subcutaneous fat deposition, improved meat tenderness and the nutrient content of meat, but decreased pig weight gain and dressing percentage. Increased dietary \u03b2\/AX and AV selectively promoted the relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and the concentration of butyrate in the middle colon, thereby regulating the expression of genes related to hepatic de novo lipid synthesis and oxidation, reducing serum glucose and total cholesterol levels, and increasing plasma glucagon-like peptide-1. These findings reveal the potential mechanism by which the physicochemical properties of dietary fiber mediate lipid metabolism to reduce weight gain and provide new insights for regulating fat deposition in pigs by controlling the structural and physical properties of dietary fiber.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15223310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:58:42Z","timestamp":1763459922000},"page":"3310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of the Interaction Between Dietary Fiber Structure and Apparent Viscosity on the Production Performance of Growing Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Yong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Pig Industry Technology, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Pig Industry Technology, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Pig Industry Technology, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Pig Industry Technology, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9085-6544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Pig Industry Technology, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7604-1894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Pig Industry Technology, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zijlstra, R.T., and Beltranena, E. (2013). Alternative feedstuffs in swine diets. Sustainable Swine Nutrition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118491454.ch10"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.02.013","article-title":"Effect of wheat bran on apparent total tract digestibility, growth performance, fecal microbiota and their metabolites in growing pigs","volume":"239","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urriola, P.E., Cervantes-Pahm, S.K., and Stein, H.H. (2013). Fiber in swine nutrition. Sustainable Swine Nutrition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118491454.ch11"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky149","article-title":"Effects of physicochemical characteristics of feed ingredients on the apparent total tract digestibility of energy, DM, and nutrients by growing pigs","volume":"96","author":"Navarro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, R., Yong, F., Fang, X., Zhang, C., Yang, H., Che, D., and Jiang, H. (2024). Influences of Fermented Corn Straw Fiber on Performance and Nutrient Utilization in Different Breeds of Finishing Pigs. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14233393"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.06.004","article-title":"Regulation of dietary fiber on intestinal microorganisms and its effects on animal health","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, S., Cui, Y., Yu, M., Song, M., Tian, Z., Deng, D., Liu, Z., and Ma, X. (2024). Effect of fermented mulberry leaves on gut health of finishing pigs. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14192911"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, S., Jang, J.C., Lee, G.I., and Kim, Y.Y. (2023). The Role of Dietary Fiber in Improving Pig Welfare. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13050879"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2023.100832","article-title":"Review: Nutrient and energy supply in monogastric food producing animals with reduced environmental and climatic footprint and improved gut health","volume":"17","author":"Lindberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2020.10.001","article-title":"Dietary fiber and microbiota interaction regulates sow metabolism and reproductive performance","volume":"6","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128130","article-title":"Dietary fiber\u2014A double-edged sword for balanced nutrition supply and environment sustainability in swine industry: A meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"315","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky098","article-title":"Net energy content of rice bran, defatted rice bran, corn gluten feed, and corn germ meal fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry","volume":"96","author":"Lyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2005-212","article-title":"Influence of the amount of dietary fiber on the available energy from hindgut fermentation in growing pigs: Use of cannulated pigs and in vitro fermentation","volume":"84","author":"Anguita","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00375-4","article-title":"Dietary fibre in gastrointestinal health and disease","volume":"18","author":"Gill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119001824","article-title":"Increased diet viscosity by oat \u03b2-glucans decreases the passage rate of liquids in the stomach and affects digesta physicochemical properties in growing pigs","volume":"14","author":"Schop","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S., Cui, Z., Hao, X., Cheng, C., Chen, J., Wu, D., Luo, H., Deng, J., and Tan, C. (2022). Dietary fibers with low hydration properties exacerbate diarrhea and impair intestinal health and nutrient digestibility in weaned piglets. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00771-7"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15158","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b01849","article-title":"In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics for Different Ratios of Soluble to Insoluble Dietary Fiber by Fresh Fecal Microbiota from Growing Pigs","volume":"4","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J.B., Bai, Y., Zhang, G., Liu, L., and Lai, C.H. (2020). Relationship between Dietary Fiber Fermentation and Volatile Fatty Acids\u2019 Concentration in Growing Pigs. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020263"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yong, F., Liu, B., Li, H.J., Hao, H.X., Fan, Y.L., Datsomor, O., Han, R., Jiang, H.L., and Che, D.S. (2025). Relationship between dietary fiber physicochemical properties and feedstuff fermentation characteristics and their effects on nutrient utilization, energy metabolism, and gut microbiota in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-024-01129-x"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, and Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Swine (2012). Nutrient Requirements of Swine, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.01.001","article-title":"Relationship between dietary amino acid release kinetics and nitrogen deposition in growing pigs","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, E., Wang, Y., He, L., Guo, J., Zhang, X., and Yin, J. (2022). Effects of Dietary L-malic Acid Supplementation on Meat Quality, Antioxidant Capacity and Muscle Fiber Characteristics of Finishing Pigs. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11213335"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, P., Wu, Y., Shen, J., Duan, T., Che, L., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., and Yan, H. (2025). Gestational Inulin Supplementation in Low-\/High-Fat Sow Diets: Effects on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, and Meat Quality of Offspring Pigs. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14081314"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.05.015","article-title":"Effects of main active components of rosemary on growth performance, meat quality and lipid metabolism in finishing pigs","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2000). Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, The Association."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rattigan, R., Lawlor, P.G., Cormican, P., Crespo-Piazuelo, D., Cullen, J., Phelan, J.P., Ranjitkar, S., Crispie, F., and Gardiner, G.E. (2023). Maternal and\/or post-weaning supplementation with Bacillus altitudinis spores modulates the microbial composition of colostrum, digesta and faeces in pigs. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33175-2"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.07.157","article-title":"Effects of dietary hull-less barley \u03b2-glucan on the cholesterol metabolism of hypercholesterolemic hamsters","volume":"169","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gut microbes-muscle axis in muscle function and meat quality","volume":"3","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.138765","article-title":"Multi-omics reveal the effects and regulatory mechanism of dietary neutral detergent fiber supplementation on carcass characteristics, amino acid profiles, and meat quality of finishing pigs","volume":"445","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Xie, Q., Wang, J., Zha, A.D., Chen, J.S., Jiang, Q., Kang, M., Deng, Q.C., Yin, Y.L., and Tan, B. (2025). Ningxiang pig-derived lactobacillus reuteri modulates host intramuscular fat deposition via branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Microbiome, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-02013-6"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2015.01.002","article-title":"Effect of dietary fiber type on intestinal nutrient digestibility and hindgut fermentation of diets fed to finishing pigs","volume":"174","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2020.108160","article-title":"Effects of various levels of dietary fiber on carcass traits, meat quality and myosin heavy chain I, IIa, IIx and IIb expression in muscles in Erhualian and Large White pigs","volume":"169","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Zhou, T., Zhang, S., Leng, J., Li, L., and Zhao, W. (2025). \u03b2-Glucan-based superabsorbent hydrogel ameliorates obesity-associated metabolic disorders via delaying gastric emptying, improving intestinal barrier function, and modulating gut microbiota. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 304.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.140846"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, X., Zhang, L., Wang, L., Ren, S., Zhang, J., Ma, Y., Xu, F., Wu, G., and Zhang, Y. (2024). Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Dietary Fiber\u2019s Impact on Growth, Slaughter Performance, and Gut Microbiome in Durco \u00d7 Bamei Crossbred Pig. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12081674"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z.Y., Bai, Y., Pi, Y., Gerrits, W.J.J., de Vries, S., Shang, L.J., Tao, S.Y., Zhang, S.Y., Han, D.D., and Zhu, Z.P. (2021). Xylan alleviates dietary fiber deprivation-induced dysbiosis by selectively promoting updates Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum in pigs. Microbiome, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01175-x"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.8005","article-title":"The Revised Nutrition Facts Label: A Step Forward and More Room for Improvement","volume":"316","author":"Malik","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.16173","article-title":"Revisions to the Nutrition Facts Label","volume":"316","author":"Mayne","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, B.A., Mikkelsen, D., Flanagan, B.M., and Gidley, M.J. (2019). \u201cDietary fibre\u201d: Moving beyond the \u201csoluble\/insoluble\u201d classification for monogastric nutrition, with an emphasis on humans and pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0350-9"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01108-z","article-title":"The gut microbiome and dietary fibres: Implications in obesity, cardiometabolic diseases and cancer","volume":"23","author":"Delzenne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e160","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.160","article-title":"Clostridium butyricum and carbohydrate active enzymes contribute to the reduced fat deposition in pigs","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e261","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.261","article-title":"Gut Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum protects against fat deposition by enhancing secondary bile acid biosynthesis","volume":"3","author":"Zha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2405079","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202405079","article-title":"Adenosine Monophosphate Improves Lipolysis in Obese Mice by Reducing DNA Methylation via ADORA2A Activation by Ecto-5\u2032-Nucleotidase (CD73)","volume":"12","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.11.003","article-title":"Flavonoids from mulberry leaves inhibit fat production and improve fatty acid distribution in adipose tissue in finishing pigs","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2018.04.019","article-title":"Effects of dietary ramie powder at various levels on carcass traits and meat quality in finishing pigs","volume":"143","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2411086","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202411086","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Butyrate-PPAR\u03b3 Axis Modulates Adipose Regulatory T Cell Population","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01108-6","article-title":"Feeding gut microbes to nourish the brain: Unravelling the diet-microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"6","author":"Schneider","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.10.057","article-title":"Metabolism and Metabolic Disorders and the Microbiome: The Intestinal Microbiota Associated With Obesity, Lipid Metabolism, and Metabolic Health\u2014Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"160","author":"Warmbrunn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.88","article-title":"An overview of host-derived molecules that interact with gut microbiota","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ameer, A., Cheng, Y.Q., Saleem, F., Mckenna, A., Richmond, A., Gundogdu, O., Sloan, W.T., Javed, S., and Ijaz, U.Z. (2023). Temporal stability and community assembly mechanisms in healthy broiler cecum. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1197838"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H.C., Song, W.Y., Yuan, W.W., Zhou, Q.Y., Sadiq, F.A., Zhao, J.X., Wu, W.J., and Lu, W.W. (2023). Modulating the Human Gut Microbiota through Hypocaloric Balanced Diets: An Effective Approach for Managing Obesity. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143101"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, W.Y., Chang, P.E., Li, S.J., Ding, S.T., and Lin, Y.Y. (2024). Exploring Bile-Acid Changes and Microflora Profiles in Chicken Fatty Liver Disease Model. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14070992"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.04.018","article-title":"Dietary saccharin sodium supplementation improves the production performance of dairy goats without residue in milk in summer","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.03.036","article-title":"A Forward Chemical Genetic Screen Reveals Gut Microbiota Metabolites That Modulate Host Physiology","volume":"177","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2018","article-title":"Free Fatty Acid Receptors in Health and Disease","volume":"100","author":"Kimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1637","article-title":"Butyrate Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Increases Energy Expenditure in Mice","volume":"58","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Yu, B., Sun, J., Liu, Z.H., Chen, H., Ge, L.P., and Chen, D.W. (2021). Short-chain fatty acids can improve lipid and glucose metabolism independently of the pig gut microbiota. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00581-3"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, A.R., Diao, H., Yu, B., He, J., Yu, J., Zheng, P., Huang, Z.Q., Luo, Y.H., Luo, J.Q., and Mao, X.B. (2018). Oral administration of short chain fatty acids could attenuate fat deposition of pigs. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196867"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02585E","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids could prevent fat deposition in pigs via regulating related hormones and genes","volume":"11","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2016.11.013","article-title":"Effects of early intervention with sodium butyrate on lipid metabolism-related gene expression and liver metabolite profiles in neonatal piglets","volume":"195","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3311","article-title":"AMPK: A nutrient and energy sensor that maintains energy homeostasis","volume":"13","author":"Hardie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67227","article-title":"AMPK, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"123","author":"Ruderman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2014.02.009","article-title":"SREBP-1c overexpression induces triglycerides accumulation through increasing lipid synthesis and decreasing lipid oxidation and VLDL assembly in bovine hepatocytes","volume":"143","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2074","article-title":"Puerarin ameliorates hepatic steatosis by activating the PPAR\u03b1 and AMPK signaling pathways in hepatocytes","volume":"35","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70022","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.70022","article-title":"HLF and PPAR\u03b1 axis regulates metabolic-associated fatty liver disease through extracellular vesicles derived from the intestinal microbiota","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Imeta"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/22\/3310\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T10:24:48Z","timestamp":1763461488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/22\/3310"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15223310"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15223310","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]}}}