{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T05:35:23Z","timestamp":1763530523709,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002842","name":"Chiang Mai University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002842","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kidney disorders in dogs are frequently observed but remain underexplored in Chiang Mai, Thailand. This retrospective study aimed to estimate the prevalence and identify risk factors associated with azotemia in dogs presented to the Chiang Mai University Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital between May 2017 and December 2021. Medical and laboratory records from 16,146 dogs were reviewed, and demographic, lifestyle, hematologic, and biochemical factors were analyzed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression to determine associations with azotemia. Overall, 3505 dogs (21.7%) were classified as azotemic, of which 43.5% had acute kidney injury, 5.9% had chronic kidney disease, and 50.6% were undetermined due to incomplete records. During winter, being mixed-breed, of older age, male sex, being fed with homemade and mixed diets, and drinking tap or mixed water sources were significantly associated with increased risk of azotemia (p &lt; 0.05), whereas living outdoors or indoor-outdoor reduced the risk. Affected dogs typically showed elevated urea and creatinine concentrations, anemia, and abnormal white blood cell profiles, indicating systemic inflammation or dehydration. Concurrent diseases that were significantly associated with azotemia included pancreatitis, trauma, urinary tract injury, pyometra, and cardiovascular disorders. These findings indicate that canine azotemia in this region arises from multifactorial causes, emphasizing the need for early screening, balanced nutrition, access to clean water, and timely management of concurrent diseases are essential to improve kidney health and clinical outcomes in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15223313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:58:42Z","timestamp":1763459922000},"page":"3313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk Factors Associated with Azotemia in Dogs Presented to the Chiang Mai University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Thailand: A Retrospective Study (2017\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8918-610X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pattara","family":"Saardarwut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Master of Science Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kakanang","family":"Piyarungsri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2165-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nawin","family":"Manachai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9417-7736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahatchai","family":"Tangtrongsup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.09.004","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in small animals","volume":"41","author":"Polzin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. 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