{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T06:13:23Z","timestamp":1763619203651,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2024YFD1301300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFD1301300"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013091","name":"Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AA22068099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA22068099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is one of the most common and detrimental diseases affecting dairy cows, causing lower milk yield and quality. Identification of pathogenic bacteria of subclinical mastitis (PSM) in dairy cows is crucial for selecting suitable antibiotic treatments and implementing effective prophylactic measures. This paper highlights the first systematic study to investigate the PSM in buffalo farms in Guangxi, China. It also analyzes the antibiotic resistance and virulence characteristics of typical PSM. The bacteriological characteristics of 132 milk samples collected from buffaloes with SCM across 3 representative buffalo farms in Guangxi, China were investigated. A total of 1659 bacterial strains were isolated and classified into 46 genera and 183 species, where 1058 bacterial strains were identified as PSM, representing 64% of the total isolates. The frequently isolated PSM in total samples were coagulase-negative Staphylococci (55.30%), Enterococcus faecalis (51.52%), Escherichia coli (31.82%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (28.03%). All PSM strains showed multiple antibiotic resistance. Notably, E. faecalis and Lactococcus garvieae were resistant to all 12 antibiotics, whereas Staphylococcus chromogenes (95.24%), E. coli (89.19%), K. pneumoniae (83.87%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (83.33%) were sensitive to levofloxacin (LEV). Additionally, E. coli exhibited the strongest mortality of Galleria mellonella. This study concluded that multiple PSM are present in the milk of buffaloes suffering from SCM in Guangxi, China. LEV may be a suitable antibiotic for the treatment of PSM. In the future, it is necessary to monitor the prevalence of PSM in buffalo farms and develop control strategies to prevent their spread.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15223321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:58:42Z","timestamp":1763459922000},"page":"3321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiological Investigation on Pathogenic Bacteria of Buffalo Subclinical Mastitis and Their Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Characteristics in Guangxi, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2948-6561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Buffalo Milk Quality and Safety Control Technology Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Buffalo Milk Quality and Safety Control Technology Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingqi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruimin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Buffalo Milk Quality and Safety Control Technology Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Dan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Buffalo Milk Quality and Safety Control Technology Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enghuan","family":"Hau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Buffalo Milk Quality and Safety Control Technology Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1575-9565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingkun","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Buffalo Milk Quality and Safety Control Technology Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3265-540X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingyou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiafeng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9777-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuiqing","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112124","article-title":"Buffalo powder dairy products with and 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