{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T15:24:33Z","timestamp":1763565873605,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The utility of physical exercise in congestive heart failure is not yet well known in the field of veterinary cardiology, despite many studies already published, unlike in human medicine where the benefits and safety of exercise training have been widely proven and included in recommendations and consensus. Several studies have been conducted since the end of the 20th century, evaluating the usefulness of physical exercise in the diagnosis, prognosis, as well as the treatment of congestive heart failure in dogs. The information from these studies has been compiled in this work to conduct a literature review and propose a work base, information, and protocols to develop knowledge about the effect of exercise training on congestive heart failure for future clinical research in dogs. Two major types of exercise tests have been published: the 6 min walk test, easy to implement and seemingly better at reflecting the daily physical capacities of cardiac dogs, and treadmill tests, such as the ergometric test or incremental tests, which, combined with the measurement of plasma concentration of NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide), are promising for prognostic evaluation and monitoring of conventional drug therapy. An exercise training program does not reverse the damage caused by congestive heart failure but can help delay and slow the progression of the disease, essentially having effects on heart rate and sympathetic modulation of cardiac activity and preserving cardiac function. Additionally, an improvement in the functional class of heart failure and quality of life due to physical exercise has been observed, a key point for owners. Even though there are risks associated with this complementary therapy (syncope or risk of exacerbating symptoms of cardiac pathologies), the risk\u2013benefit balance seems to clearly favor the use of exercise when used in a controlled manner in stable patients. Evidence of the utility of physical exercise as a testing method or as a complementary treatment has been gathered in this review. However, to further develop the clinical practice of exercise, additional studies need to be conducted to develop standardized testing methods, clarify the impact of exercise training programs on all classes of heart failure, assess the risks, and analyze the long-term effects on canine species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15223336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T15:03:15Z","timestamp":1763564595000},"page":"3336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exercise Testing and Physical Activity in Dogs: From Health to Heart Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2600-775X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gr\u00e9goire","family":"Bugeaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine, EUVG\u2014Vasco da Gama University School, Avenida Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes 197, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8344-6515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Marcondes-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIVG\u2014Vasco da Gama Research Center, Avenida Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes 197, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Agriculture, Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Quinta do Galinheiro-S. Pedro, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Smith, F.W.K., Tilley, L.P., Oyama, M., and Sleeper, M.M. (2015). Manual of Canine and Feline Cardiology, Saunders. 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