{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T07:49:36Z","timestamp":1778312976927,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Lucha Contra el Cambio Clim\u00e1tico y Medio Ambiente","award":["134\/2020 de 26 de mayo de 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["134\/2020 de 26 de mayo de 2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006368","name":"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PIFULPGC-2022-CCSALUD-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIFULPGC-2022-CCSALUD-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006368","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian haemosporidians are globally distributed protozoan parasites transmitted by hematophagous vectors, yet information on their occurrence in the Stone-curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus), particularly from the Canary Islands, is scarce. Between 2020 and 2024, 47 Stone-curlews were examined for Haemoproteus, Plasmodium, and Leucocytozoon spp. using nested PCR targeting the cytochrome b gene, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Histopathological examination was performed on formalin-fixed tissues. Leucocytozoon sp. DNA was detected in one individual (case FS415\/23), with identical sequences amplified from multiple organs. Phylogenetic analysis placed this isolate within lineage CIAE02, previously reported in raptors and other avian taxa. Microscopic evaluation revealed megalomeronts in the liver, kidney, and skin, consistent with Leucocytozoon infection. Despite concurrent infection with Avipoxvirus and Aspergillus fumigatus, no prominent inflammatory reaction surrounded the haemosporidian tissue states. The only prior haemosporidian reported in Burhinus is Haemoproteus burhinus, described from B. oedicnemus saharae in Iraq, and no Leucocytozoon infections have previously been recorded in this genus. Therefore, this represents the first evidence of Leucocytozoon infection in the Stone-curlew, extending the known host range of lineage CIAE02. These findings highlight the relevance of integrative diagnostic approaches for detecting latent or cryptic haemosporidian infections in non-passerine avian hosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15233381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T11:47:22Z","timestamp":1763984842000},"page":"3381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Survey of Haemosporidian Parasites in Wild Stone-Curlews (Burhinus oedicnemus) in the Canary Islands: First Molecular and Histopathological Evidence of Leucocytozoon sp. Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7562-756X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Colom-Rivero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5281-0521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1211-258X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Marrero-Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5491-5981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raiden","family":"Grand\u00eda-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7954-3697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Caballero-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5414-1261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Candela","family":"Rivero-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0409-6156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian M.","family":"Su\u00e1rez-Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3749-8845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2012.00234.x","article-title":"Diptera vectors of avian Haemosporidian parasites: Untangling parasite life cycles and their taxonomy","volume":"87","author":"Palinauskas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarado-Piqueras, A., G\u00f3mez-Mu\u00f1oz, M.T., and Mart\u00edn-Maldonado, B. (2025). Hemoparasites in Wild Birds: A Systematic Review of Their Ecology and Clinical Implications. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15172570"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atkinson, C.T., Thomas, N.J., and Hunter, D.B. (2009). Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780813804620"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valki\u016bnas, G., and Iezhova, T.A. (2023). Insights into the Biology of Leucocytozoon Species (Haemosporida, Leucocytozoidae): Why Is There Slow Research Progress on Agents of Leucocytozoonosis?. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051251"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1645\/18-130","article-title":"Bird Tissues from Museum Collections Are Reliable for Assessing Avian Haemosporidian Diversity","volume":"105","author":"Fecchio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilg\u016bnas, M., Himmel, T., Harl, J., Dagys, M., Valki\u016bnas, G., and Weissenb\u00f6ck, H. (2022). Exo-Erythrocytic Development of Avian Haemosporidian Parasites in European Owls. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12172212"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valkiunas, G. (2004). Avian Malaria Parasites and other Haemosporidia, CRC Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203643792"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atkinson, C.T., and Van Atkinson, C. (1991). Pathogenicity and epizootiology of avian haematozoa: Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus. Bird-Parasite Interactions, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198577386.003.0002"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1746-7","article-title":"Exo-erythrocytic development of avian malaria and related haemosporidian parasites","volume":"16","author":"Valkiunas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.05.002","article-title":"Disentangling Leucocytozoon parasite diversity in the neotropics: Descriptions of two new species and shortcomings of molecular diagnostics for leucocytozoids","volume":"9","author":"Lotta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2016.12.025","article-title":"A novel Haemosporida clade at the rank of genus in North American cranes (Aves: Gruiformes)","volume":"109","author":"Bertram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenetics Evol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2165-5","article-title":"Parasitaemia data and molecular characterization of Haemoproteus catharti from New World vultures (Cathartidae) reveals a novel clade of Haemosporida","volume":"17","author":"Yabsley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2015.09.003","article-title":"Phylogeny of haemosporidian blood parasites revealed by a multi-gene approach","volume":"94","author":"Borner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenetics Evol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171780","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.171780","article-title":"The polyphyly of Plasmodium: Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of the malaria parasites (Order Haemosporida) reveal widespread taxonomic conflict","volume":"5","author":"Galen","year":"2018","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13183","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1109153108","article-title":"Rerooting the evolutionary tree of malaria parasites","volume":"108","author":"Outlaw","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2007.11.012","article-title":"A three-genome phylogeny of malaria parasites (Plasmodium and closely related genera): Evolution of life-history traits and host switches","volume":"47","author":"Martinsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenetics Evol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-184R1","article-title":"A new PCR assay for simultaneous studies of Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, and Haemoproteus from avian blood","volume":"90","author":"Hellgren","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2009.02692.x","article-title":"MalAvi: A public database of malaria parasites and related haemosporidians in avian hosts based on mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages","volume":"9","author":"Bensch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2024.10.002","article-title":"Unravelling the patterns of exo-erythrocytic development of Haemoproteus parasites (Haemoproteidae, Haemosporida), with a case of abortive tissue stages in a naturally infected bird","volume":"55","author":"Tchoumbou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Mori, A., Baldaccini, N.E., Baratti, M., Caccamo, C., Dessi-Fulghueri, F., Grasso, R., Pollonara, E., Rodriguez, F., Spena, M.T., and Giunchi, D. (2011, January 27\u201330). Preliminary molecular investigation and characterization of subspecies in the Stone Curlew [Burhinus oedicnemus]. Proceedings of the 8th Conference of the European Ornithologists\u2019 Union, Riga, Latvia."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"de Juana, E., Barros, C., and Rodr\u00edguez-Pascual, F.H. (2004). Alcarav\u00e1n Com\u00fan (Burhinus oedicnemus). Libro Rojo de las Aves de Espa\u00f1a, Direcci\u00f3n General para la Biodiversidad\u2014SEO\/BirdLife."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Lorenzo, J.A., Barone, R., and Atienza, J.C. (2004). Alcarav\u00e1n Com\u00fan (Burhinus oedicnemus insularum). Libro Rojo de las Aves Espa\u00f1a, Direcci\u00f3n General para la Biodiversidad\u2014SEO\/BirdLife."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Madro\u00f1o, E.A., Gonz\u00e1lez, C., and Atienza, C. (2004). Alcarav\u00e1n Com\u00fan (Canarias) Burhinus oedicnemus distinctus. Libro Rojo de las Aves de Espa\u00f1a, Direcci\u00f3n General para la Biodiversidad\u2014SEO\/BirdLife."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn, A. (1987). Atlas de las Aves Nidificantes en la Isla de Tenerife, Instituto de Estudios Canarios."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/ibi.12164","article-title":"A first assessment of genetic variability in the Eurasian Stone-curlew Burhinus oedicnemus","volume":"156","author":"Mori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-016-0894-6","article-title":"Multilocus approach reveals an incipient differentiation process in the Stone-curlew, Burhinus oedicnemus around the Mediterranean basin","volume":"18","author":"Mori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"e03478","article-title":"Steppe-land birds under global change: Insights from the Eurasian Stone-curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) in the Western Palearctic","volume":"58","author":"Simoncini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colom-Rivero, A., Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Marrero-ponce, L., and Padr\u00f3n-Ram\u00edrez, D. (2025). Pathological and Molecular Characterization of Avipoxvirus Infection in Burhinus oedicnemus in the Canary Islands. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12090849"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2025.2489547","article-title":"Molecular detection of a novel herpesvirus in the stone-curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) from the Canary Islands","volume":"54","author":"Sierra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.d899","article-title":"Wildlife: Poxvirus infection in stone curlews in the Canary Islands","volume":"168","author":"Calabuig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-016-9674-5","article-title":"Multiple gene typing and phylogeny of avipoxvirus associated with cutaneous lesions in a stone curlew","volume":"41","author":"Lecis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1647\/1082-6742(2007)21[50:AIIACO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Avipoxvirus infection in a collection of captive stone curlews (Burhinus oedicnemus)","volume":"21","author":"Lierz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Avian Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"697","article-title":"Bacteremia and Aortic Valvular Endocarditis in a Eurasian Stone-curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus distinctus) due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae","volume":"58","author":"Vela","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Rioja, L. (2018). 100 Aves Nidificantes y Migratorias m\u00e1s Comunes del Archipi\u00e9lago Canario, SEO\/BirdLife."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Lorenzo, J.A. (2007). Atlas de las Aves Nidificantes en el Archipi\u00e9lago Canario (1997\u20132003), Direcci\u00f3n General de Conservaci\u00f3n de la Naturaleza & Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Ornitolog\u00eda."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Liebich, H.G. (2019). Veterinary Histology of Domestic Mammals and Birds, 5m Publishing. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"K\u00f6nig, H.E., Korbel, R., and Liebich, H.G. (2016). Avian Anatomy. Textbook and Colour Atlas, 5m Publishing. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1053\/S1055-937X(03)80003-8","article-title":"Practical avian necropsy","volume":"12","author":"Rae","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin. Avian Exotic Pet. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02601-3","article-title":"Suitability of specific soft tissue swabs for the forensic identification of highly decomposed bodies","volume":"135","author":"Helm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714532925","article-title":"Use of tissue swabbing as an alternative to tissue dissection and lysis prior to nucleic acid extraction and real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of Bovine viral diarrhea virus and Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"26","author":"Errington","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Suleski, M., Sanderford, M., Sharma, S., and Tamura, K. (2024). MEGA12: Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis Version 12 for Adaptive and Green Computing. Mol Biol Evol., 41.","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msae263"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11030","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404206101","article-title":"Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method","volume":"101","author":"Tamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x","article-title":"Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap","volume":"39","author":"Felsenstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"406","article-title":"The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees","volume":"4","author":"Saitou","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"103","article-title":"Haemoproteus burhinus A new species from the Stone Curlew Burhinus oedicnemus saharae (Reichenow) in Iraq","volume":"8","author":"Mohammed","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Iraq Nat. Hist. Mus."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336-015-1291-5","article-title":"High prevalence of Leucocytozoon parasites in fresh water breeding gulls","volume":"157","author":"Bensch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ornithol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.12.007","article-title":"Molecular characterization of haemosporidian parasites from kites of the genus Milvus (Aves: Accipitridae)","volume":"43","author":"Onrubia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1357.1","article-title":"Haemosporidian blood parasites in European birds of prey and owls","volume":"94","author":"Krone","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2023066","article-title":"Novel phylogenetic clade of avian Haemoproteus parasites (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) from Accipitridae raptors, with description of a new Haemoproteus species","volume":"31","author":"Harl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciloglu, A., Yildirim, A., Duzlu, O., Onder, Z., Dogan, Z., and Inci, A. (2016). Investigation of avian haemosporidian parasites from raptor birds in Turkey, with molecular characterisation and microscopic confirmation. Folia Parasitol., 63.","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2016.023"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakarov, N., and Blanco, G. (2021). Blood parasites in sympatric vultures: Role of nesting habits and effects on body condition. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052431"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2025059","article-title":"Diversity of haemosporidian parasites in cranes: Description of Haemoproteus balearicae and its phylogenetic position within the H. antigonis clade","volume":"32","author":"Chaisi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"4","article-title":"Low prevalence of blood parasites in a long-distance migratory raptor: The importance of host habitat","volume":"8","author":"Gangoso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2023.08.008","article-title":"Exo-erythrocytic development of Leucocytozoon parasites (Haemosporida, Leucocytozoidae) in song thrushes Turdus philomelos","volume":"22","author":"Chagas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1139\/z67-115","article-title":"The cytological development and encapsulation of megaloschizonts of Leucocytozoon simondi","volume":"45","author":"Desser","year":"1967","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1972.tb03494.x","article-title":"Experimental Studies of the Life Cycle of Leucocytozoon simondi in Ducks in Norway","volume":"19","author":"Eide","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991910","article-title":"Prevalence of Leucocytozoon spp, in the endangered yellow-eyed penguin Megadyptes antipodes","volume":"137","author":"Hill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Hill, A.G. (2008). An Investigation of Leucocytozoon in the Endangered Yellow-Eyed Penguin (Megadyptes antipodes). [Master\u2019s Thesis, Massey University]."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3536-2","article-title":"Molecular probes for the identification of avian Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon parasites in tissue sections by chromogenic in situ hybridization","volume":"12","author":"Himmel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-3147-6","article-title":"Haemosporidioses in wild Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula) and song thrushes (T. philomelos): An in situ hybridization study with emphasis on exo-erythrocytic parasite burden","volume":"19","author":"Himmel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2109.1","article-title":"Identification of Leucocytozoon toddi group (Haemosporida: Leucocytozoidae), with Remarks on the species taxonomy of leucocytozoids","volume":"96","author":"Valkiunas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/condor\/107.3.537","article-title":"Prevalence of pox-like lesions and malaria in forest bird communities on leeward Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii","volume":"107","author":"Atkinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1637\/10285-061912-ResNote.1","article-title":"The seroprevalence of avipoxvirus and its association with avian malaria (Plasmodium spp.) infection in introduced passerine birds in the southern regions of the North Island of New Zealand","volume":"57","author":"Ha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1153-7","article-title":"Genetic characterization, distribution and prevalence of avian pox and avian malaria in the Berthelot\u2019s pipit (Anthus berthelotii) in Macaronesia","volume":"103","author":"Illera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-011-2149-z","article-title":"Biogeographical patterns and co-occurrence of pathogenic infection across island populations of Berthelot\u2019s pipit (Anthus berthelotii)","volume":"168","author":"Spurgin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105364","article-title":"Evolutionary ecology, taxonomy, and systematics of avian malaria and related parasites","volume":"204","author":"Fecchio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.2307\/4090224","article-title":"Epizootiology and effect of avian pox on Hawaiian forest birds","volume":"119","author":"Hansen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Riper, C., and Forrester, D.J. (2025, November 10). Avian Pox. January 2007. Available online: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/9780470344668.ch6.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344668.ch6"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17745-4","article-title":"Detection and molecular characterization of Avipoxvirus in Culex spp. (Culicidae) captured in domestic areas in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Paulino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2007.03680.x","article-title":"Bird hosts, blood parasites and their vectors\u2014Associations uncovered by molecular analyses of blackfly blood meals","volume":"17","author":"Hellgren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2003.0120","article-title":"Vertebrate host specificity of wild-caught blackflies revealed by mitochondrial DNA in blood","volume":"271","author":"Malmqvist","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04177-0","article-title":"Blood parasites in vectors reveal a united blackfly community in the upper canopy","volume":"13","author":"Chakarov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2010.00875.x","article-title":"Spatial feeding preferences of ornithophilic mosquitoes, blackflies and biting midges","volume":"25","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e751","DOI":"10.3989\/graellsia.2025.v81.751","article-title":"Current State of the Blackfly (Simuliidae) Fauna of the Canary Islands, with New Records","volume":"81","author":"Seitz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Graellsia"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.11.008","article-title":"Factors affecting the distribution of haemosporidian parasites within an oceanic island","volume":"47","author":"Padilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.2.427","article-title":"Herpesviral inclusion body disease in owls and falcons is caused by the pigeon herpesvirus (columbid herpesvirus 1)","volume":"44","author":"Gailbreath","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4833","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00669-10","article-title":"Genotypic characterization of UL23 thymidine kinase and UL30 DNA polymerase of clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus: Natural polymorphism and mutations associated with resistance to antivirals","volume":"54","author":"Burrel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15486","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of avian host\u2014Parasite interactions in the face of biogeographical range expansions","volume":"29","author":"Bodawatta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1645\/16-8","article-title":"Lower Detection Probability of Avian Plasmodium in Blood Compared to Other Tissues","volume":"102","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"101148","article-title":"The lineage diversity, spatiotemporal distribution and pathological significance of Plasmodium and Haemoproteus spp. infection of wild birds in Great Britain","volume":"28","author":"Heaver","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol.: Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2307\/1365954","article-title":"The Role of Introduced Diseases in the Extinction of the Endemic Hawaiian Avifauna","volume":"70","author":"Warner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Condor"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/23\/3381\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T05:16:56Z","timestamp":1764047816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/23\/3381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15233381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15233381","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]}}}