{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T05:29:29Z","timestamp":1764912569198,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023\/17018-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/17018-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["305152\/2024-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305152\/2024-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Perinatal hypoxia is a leading cause of early mortality in canine neonates and accounts for over 90% of early deaths in canine neonates. Respiratory depression may result from dystocia, prolonged labor, or anesthetic protocols used during cesarean delivery, requiring rapid pharmacological support. This study evaluated the effects of aminophylline, caffeine, and doxapram on clinical and biochemical viability parameters in hypoxic neonatal dogs. Methods: Forty-five puppies born via elective or emergency cesarean section were included, of which 35 exhibiting cardiorespiratory depression (heart rate \u2264 180 bpm, respiratory rate &lt; 15 movements per minute, Apgar score &lt; 7, and reflex score &lt; 3) were randomly allocated into aminophylline group (AG; n = 12), caffeine group (CafG; n = 11), or doxapram group (DG; n = 12). Ten clinically healthy neonates constituted the physiological control group (CG). Apgar score, neonatal reflexes, lactate, blood glucose, oxygen saturation, blood gas parameters, and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were evaluated immediately after birth (M1) and 10 min following treatment (M10). Results: No significant differences were observed in laboratory parameters among groups (p &gt; 0.05). Although all evaluated drugs improved clinical status by increasing heart rate, respiratory rate, and reflex scores, caffeine produced the greatest enhancement in vitality. The \u0394 Apgar score showed a significant difference between CafG and DG (p = 0.0095), while no statistical differences were detected between AG and CafG (p = 0.08) or between AG and GD (p = 0.60). Conclusions: Aminophylline, caffeine, and doxapram supported postnatal resuscitation in hypoxic neonatal puppies; however, caffeine demonstrated superior improvement in Apgar recovery, suggesting its potential as a preferred pharmacological adjunct in neonatal canine resuscitation protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15233485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T10:34:01Z","timestamp":1764758041000},"page":"3485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Effects of Aminophylline, Caffeine, and Doxapram in Hypoxic Neonatal Dogs Born by Cesarean Section"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8687-4135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falia Cosenza","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6474-4808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keylla Helena Nobre Pac\u00edfico","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Vi\u00e7osa 57700-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5983-0602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gleice Mendes","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4719-2866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00e1rita da Mata","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6479-1451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tha\u00eds Gomes","family":"Faustino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0528-5124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviane Maria","family":"Codognoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9585-4230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam Harumi","family":"Tsunemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3323-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina Kiomi","family":"Takahira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8360-0471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maricy","family":"Appar\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8337-4168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Lucia Gomes","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2015.02.003","article-title":"Topics in the routine assessment of newborn puppy viability","volume":"30","author":"Vassalo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Top. 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