{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:18:50Z","timestamp":1790083130846,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang","award":["RE-KRIS\/FF67\/015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RE-KRIS\/FF67\/015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and safety of Tectona grandis leaf extracts at four maturity stages. Ethanolic extracts were screened for secondary metabolites and analyzed using GC\u2013MS, together with heavy metal determination, phenolic profiling, and antioxidant assays. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, and coumarins, with clear variation among leaf stages. GC\u2013MS analysis detected multiple bioactive constituents, including phytol, n-decanoic acid, and heptadecenal. These compounds have been previously reported to exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Heavy metal analysis showed very low cadmium concentrations (0.001\u20130.004 mg\/kg), undetectable lead levels (&lt;LOD), and trace levels of arsenic concentrations (0.012\u20130.018 mg\/kg), all of which were within safe limits for plant materials. Quantitative assays demonstrated that mature leaves contained the highest total phenolic (8.751 \u00b1 0.018 mg GAE\/g DW), total flavonoid (0.359 \u00b1 0.017 mg QE\/g DW), and condensed tannin (0.303 \u00b1 0.000 mg CE\/g DW) contents. Correspondingly, mature-leaf extracts exhibited the greatest antioxidant capacity, showing 95.88 \u00b1 0.12% inhibition of oxidant activity. The ethanolic extracts exhibited IC50 values ranging from 22.93\u201350.35 mg\/mL, whereas the ascorbic acid standard showed an IC50 of 0.0767 mg\/mL, confirming the expected lower potency of crude plant extracts. The strong correlation between phenolic accumulation and antioxidant activity suggests enhanced defense against oxidative stress. The absence of detectable heavy metal contamination, together with the high polyphenolic content, suggests that T. grandis leaves may serve as a safe natural source of antioxidants. These findings demonstrate the strong antioxidant potential of T. grandis leaf extracts, providing a basis for future studies evaluating their functional applications in biological systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15233498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T15:14:06Z","timestamp":1764861246000},"page":"3498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring Tectona grandis Linn. f. Leaf Extract as a Functional Feed Additive with Antioxidant and Nutraceutical Potential for Livestock"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7692-8919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nattaya","family":"Montri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Administrative Interdisciplinary Program on Agricultural Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7633-052X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Metha","family":"Wanapat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9047-9793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungchhang","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Unit, Department of Education, National Institute of Education, Phnom Penh 12207, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2706-8403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seangla","family":"Cheas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8719-4404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anusorn","family":"Cherdthong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6368-1611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pongsatorn","family":"Gunun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon Campus, Phangkhon, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9984-9244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nirawan","family":"Gunun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Technology, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani 41000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4799-923X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suban","family":"Foiklang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5766-9619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phongthorn","family":"Kongmun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dutsadee","family":"Srithat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9066-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pongsathorn","family":"Tongkasee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6220-4859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sineenart","family":"Polyorach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production Technology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.): A renowned commercial timber species","volume":"25","author":"Palanisamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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