{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T15:52:36Z","timestamp":1765209156051,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"OP RDE","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000803"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Domestic dogs can sense the geomagnetic field (GMF), spontaneously aligning their bodies along its axis, altering the alignment\u2019s pattern during geomagnetic disturbances. Whether anthropogenic magnetic fields (MF) from high-voltage power lines (PL) influence this behavior remains unclear. We investigated the effects of alternating MF generated by PL on spontaneous magnetic alignment in 36 dogs. Behavior was recorded under north\u2013south (NS) and east\u2013west (EW) oriented PL and compared with control conditions lacking anthropogenic MF. Each dog\u2019s mean alignment angle relative to magnetic north was calculated from &gt;50 measurements per condition, and Grand Means (GMs) were derived. Under control geomagnetically calm conditions, alignment was bimodal (GM = 23\u00b0\/203\u00b0), while geomagnetic storms caused significant shifts and increased angular dispersion. Under NS-oriented PL, alignment remained bimodal (GM = 5\u00b0\/185\u00b0), but under EW-oriented PL it became trimodal (Likelihood ratio test for multimodality: nodes = 3, p = 0.042; GM = 103\u00b0\/283\u00b0). These differences were statistically significant (LME for linearized angles: p &lt; 0.001 for control vs. NS PL and control vs. EW PL). Our results demonstrate that dogs maintain directional alignment under PL exposure, with orientation patterns corresponding to the direction of both MF and PL, which suggests a potentially complex impact involving non-magnetic cues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15243534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T14:52:24Z","timestamp":1765205544000},"page":"3534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effect of High-Voltage Power Lines on Magnetic Orientation of Domestic Dogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4458-9884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nataliia S.","family":"Iakovenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Chittusiho 10, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0130-4770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Benediktov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1655-6906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Ad\u00e1mkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4901-3817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlastimil","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6146-849X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hana","family":"Brinkeov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4127-9947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milo\u0161","family":"Je\u017eek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Ku\u0161ta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladim\u00edr","family":"Hanzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Nov\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hynek","family":"Burda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2000.1376","article-title":"A pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia","volume":"83","author":"Ahlbom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200011000-00003","article-title":"A pooled analysis of magnetic fields, wire codes, and childhood leukemia. Childhood Leukemia-EMF Study Group","volume":"11","author":"Greenland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2013.12.008","article-title":"Magnetic fields exposure and childhood leukemia risk: A meta-analysis based on 11,699 cases and 13,194 controls","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seomun, G., Lee, J., and Park, J. (2021). Exposure to extremely low- frequency magnetic fields and childhood cancer: A systematic review and meta- analysis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251628"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.004577","article-title":"Geomagnetic storms can trigger stroke: Evidence from 6 large population-based studies in Europe and Australasia","volume":"45","author":"Feigin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200201000-00004","article-title":"A population-based prospective cohort study of personal exposure to magnetic fields during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200201000-00005","article-title":"A nested case-control study of residential and personal magnetic field measures and miscarriages","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Chen, H., Ferber, J.R., Odouli, R., and Quesenberry, C. (2017). Exposure to magnetic field non-ionizing radiation and the risk of miscarriage: A prospective cohort study. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16623-8"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21700","article-title":"Maternal exposure to magnetic fields from high-voltage power lines and the risk of birth defects","volume":"33","author":"Malagoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarimov, R.M., Serov, D.A., and Gudkov, S.V. (2023). Biological effects of magnetic storms and ELF magnetic fields. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12121506"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarimov, R.M., Serov, D.A., and Gudkov, S.V. (2023). Hypomagnetic conditions and their biological action (review). Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12121513"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.9.1363","article-title":"Measurement of the threshold sensitivity of honeybees to weak, extremely low-frequency magnetic fields","volume":"200","author":"Kirschvink","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20121046","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.1046","article-title":"Magnetoreception in laboratory mice: Sensitivity to extremely low-frequency fields exceeds 33 nT at 30 Hz","volume":"10","author":"Prato","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-186X(199909)20:6<378::AID-BEM7>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Influence of combined DC and AC magnetic fields on rat behavior","volume":"20","author":"Zhadin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.031609","article-title":"Lizards respond to an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field","volume":"213","author":"Nishimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20568","article-title":"Theoretical evaluation of magnetoreception of power-frequency fields","volume":"31","author":"Vanderstraeten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolbabov\u00e1, T., Pascal Malkemper, E., Barto\u0161, L., Vanderstraeten, J., Tur\u010d\u00e1ni, M., and Burda, H. (2015). Effect of exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields on melatonin levels in calves is seasonally dependent. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14206"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"79","article-title":"Magnetic Fields and Health: From Epidemiology to Cryptochrome Chemistry","volume":"38","author":"Vanderstraeten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Brux."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"100229","article-title":"Searching for unity in diversity of animal magnetoreception: From biology to quantum mechanics and back","volume":"3","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innov."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Bradshaw, S.D., Burggren, W., Heller, H.C., Ishii, S., Langer, H., Neuweiler, G., and Randall, D.J. (1995). Magnetic Orientation in Animals, Springer."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/36986","article-title":"Homing in on vertebrates","volume":"390","author":"Kirschvink","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2003.9522670","article-title":"Homing ability and sensitivity to the geomagnetic field in the alpine newt, Triturus alpestris","volume":"15","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ethol. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0176-1","article-title":"Long-distance navigation and magnetoreception in migratory animals","volume":"558","author":"Mouritsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-021-01529-8","article-title":"Magnetic maps in animal navigation","volume":"208","author":"Lohmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burda, H., Begall, S., Hart, V., Malkemper, E.P., Painter, M.S., and Phillips, J.B. (2020). Magnetoreception in mammals. The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809324-5.24131-X"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, J.B., Youmans, P.W., Muheim, R., Sloan, K.A., Landler, L., Painter, M.S., and Anderson, C.R. (2013). Rapid learning of magnetic compass direction by C57BL\/6 mice in a 4-armed \u2018plus\u2019 water maze. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073112"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-021-01532-z","article-title":"Why is it so difficult to study magnetic compass orientation in murine rodents?","volume":"208","author":"Phillips","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, W.T., Holland, R.A., Kei\u0161s, O., and Lindecke, O. (2023). Migratory bats are sensitive to magnetic inclination changes during the compass calibration period. Biol. Lett., 19.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0181"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., and Malkemper, E.P. (2023). Cryptochromes in mammals: A magnetoreception misconception?. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1250798"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hart, V., Nov\u00e1kov\u00e1, P., Malkemper, E., Begall, S., Hanzal, V., Je\u017eek, M., Ku\u0161ta, T., N\u011bmcov\u00e1, V., Ad\u00e1mkov\u00e1, J., and Benediktov\u00e1, K. (2013). Dogs are sensitive to small variations of the Earth\u2019s magnetic field. Front. Zool., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-10-80"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6117","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6117","article-title":"Dogs can be trained to find a bar magnet","volume":"6","author":"Martini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Peer J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55080","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.55080","article-title":"Magnetic alignment enhances homing efficiency of hunting dogs","volume":"9","author":"Svoboda","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2019.10.003","article-title":"Directional preferences of dogs\u2019 changes in the presence of a bar magnet: Educational experiments in Israel","volume":"35","author":"Yosef","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie\u00dfner, C., Denzau, S., Malkemper, E.P., Gross, J.C., Burda, H., Winklhofer, M., and Peichl, L. (2016). Cryptochrome 1 in retinal cone photoreceptors suggests a novel functional role in mammals. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21848"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vacha, M. (2019). Magnetoreception of invertebrates. The Oxford Handbook of Invertebrate Neurobiology, Chapter 14, Oxford Academic. Oxford Handbooks.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190456757.013.16"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03618-9","article-title":"Magnetic sensitivity of cryptochrome 4 from a migratory songbird","volume":"594","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200513","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2020.0513","article-title":"Eyes are essential for magnetoreception in a mammal","volume":"17","author":"Caspar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muheim, R., Bostr\u00f6m, J., Akesson, S., and Liedvogel, M. (2014). Sensory mechanisms of animal orientation and navigation. Animal Movement Across Scales, Chapter 10, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199677184.003.0010"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-021-01527-w","article-title":"Magnetoreception and magnetic navigation in fishes: A half century of discovery","volume":"208","author":"Lohmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2012.05.005","article-title":"Magnetic alignment in mammals and other animals","volume":"78","author":"Begall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mamm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-021-01536-9","article-title":"The importance of time of day for magnetic body alignment in songbirds","volume":"208","author":"Bianco","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-017-1439-7","article-title":"Spontaneous magnetic alignment behaviour in free-living lizards","volume":"104","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Nat."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-016-2142-y","article-title":"Compass-controlled escape behavior in roe deer","volume":"70","author":"Obleser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10164-006-0017-9","article-title":"Innate preference for magnetic compass direction in the Alpine newt, Triturus alpestris (Salamandridae, Urodela)?","volume":"25","author":"Schlegel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1163\/000579509X12580965484148","article-title":"American Cockroaches Prefer Four Cardinal Geomagnetic Positions at Rest","volume":"147","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Begall, S., Burda, H., and Schleich, C.E. (2007). Magnetic compass: A useful tool underground. Subterranean Rodents, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69276-8"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.020792","article-title":"A behavioral perspective on the biophysics of the light-dependent magnetic compass: A link between directional and spatial perception?","volume":"213","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2012.02088.x","article-title":"Scent-marking behaviour in a pack of free-ranging domestic dogs","volume":"118","author":"Cafazzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5708","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811194106","article-title":"Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields disrupt magnetic alignment of ruminants","volume":"106","author":"Burda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6909.891","article-title":"Residence near high voltage facilities and risk of cancer in children","volume":"307","author":"Olsen","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2004.10.006","article-title":"Evaluation of magnetic induction inside humans at high voltage substations","volume":"74","author":"Hamza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1167\/4.3.10","article-title":"Brightness discrimination in the dog","volume":"4","author":"Pretterer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10651-024-00639-1","article-title":"A likelihood ratio test for circular multimodality","volume":"32","author":"Crujeiras","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Ecol. Stat."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Pewsey, A., Neuh\u00e4user, M., and Ruxton, G.D. (2013). Circular Statistics in R, Oxford University Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mardia, K.V., and Jupp, P.E. (1999). Directional Statistics, Wiley. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316979"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Zar, J.H. (1999). Biostatistical Analysis, Prentice Hall International. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40462-022-00323-8","article-title":"The multivariate analysis of variance as a powerful approach for circular data","volume":"10","author":"Landler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ad\u00e1mkov\u00e1, J., Benediktov\u00e1, K., Svoboda, J., Barto\u0161, L., Vynikalov\u00e1, L., Nov\u00e1kov\u00e1, P., Hart, V., Painter, M.S., and Burda, H. (2021). Turning preference in dogs: North attracts while south repels. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245940"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2021.11.005","article-title":"No evidence for magnetic alignment in domestic dogs in urban parks","volume":"49","author":"Rouviere","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2004.07.006","article-title":"Are solar activity and sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus strandings around the North Sea related?","volume":"53","author":"Vanselow","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2014.01.020","article-title":"An experimental study of the biological effects of geomagnetic disturbances: The impact of a typical geomagnetic storm and its constituents on plants and animals","volume":"110\u2013111","author":"Krylov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2025.106575","article-title":"Solitary working hunting dogs show a higher tendency for magnetic alignment, with decreased alignment in older dogs","volume":"285","author":"Iakovenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnsen, S., Lohmann, K.J., and Warrant, E.J. (2020). Animal navigation: A noisy magnetic sense?. J. Exp. Biol., 223.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.164921"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.05.030","article-title":"The Earth\u2019s magnetic field and visual landmarks steer migratory flight behavior in the nocturnal Australian Bogong moth","volume":"28","author":"Dreyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40462-018-0126-4","article-title":"Feasibility of sun and magnetic compass mechanisms in avian long-distance migration","volume":"6","author":"Muheim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt-Koenig, K., and Keeton, W.T. (1978). Further analysis of the magnetic compass of migratory birds. Animal Migration, Navigation, and Homing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-11147-5"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/24\/3534\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T15:07:16Z","timestamp":1765206436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/24\/3534"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15243534"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15243534","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]}}}