{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:14:43Z","timestamp":1784646883522,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the special project of introducing talents for scientific research in Hebei Agricultural University","award":["YJ2023038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJ2023038"]}]},{"name":"central government guided local science and technology development fund projects","award":["246Z6604G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["246Z6604G"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Agriculture Research System","award":["HBCT2024260101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBCT2024260101"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Province Modern Poultry Breeding Innovation Team Project","award":["21326303D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21326303D"]}]},{"name":"Shijiazhuang Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["231500152A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["231500152A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bioaerosols are a major source of airborne microbial contamination in intensive poultry production systems. Their concentration and community structure can profoundly influence animal health, public health, and the overall safety of the farming environment. However, the dynamic characteristics of bacterial aerosols in enclosed poultry houses during winter remain insufficiently studied. Using Taihang chickens as a model, this study investigated three key production stages\u2014brooding (15 days), growing (60 days), and laying (150 days)\u2014under winter cage-rearing conditions. A six-stage Andersen sampler was employed alongside culture-dependent enumeration and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing to analyze variations in bacterial aerosol concentration, particle size distribution, and community succession patterns. The results revealed a significant increase in the concentration of culturable airborne bacteria with bird age, rising from 8.98 \u00d7 103 colony-forming unit (CFU)\/m3 to 2.89 \u00d7 104 CFU\/m3 (p &lt; 0.001). The particle size distribution progressively shifted from larger, settleable particles (\u22654.7 \u03bcm) toward smaller, respirable particles (&lt;4.7 \u03bcm). Microbial sequencing indicated a continuous increase in bacterial alpha diversity across the three stages (Chao1 and Shannon indices, p &lt; 0.05), while beta diversity exhibited stage-specific clustering, reflecting clear differences in community assembly. The composition of dominant bacterial genera transitioned from potentially pathogenic taxa such as Acinetobacter and Corynebacterium during the brooding stage to a greater abundance of beneficial genera, including Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Ruminococcus, in later stages. This shift suggests a potential ecological link between aerosolized bacterial communities and host development, possibly related to the aerosolization of gut microbiota. Notably, several zoonotic bacterial species were detected in the poultry house air, indicating potential public health and occupational exposure risks under winter confinement conditions. This study is the first to elucidate the ecological succession patterns of airborne bacterial aerosols in Taihang chicken houses across different growth stages during winter. The findings provide a scientific basis for optimizing winter ventilation strategies, implementing stage-specific environmental controls, and reducing pathogen transmission and occupational hazards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15243635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T12:13:03Z","timestamp":1765973583000},"page":"3635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ecological Succession of Airborne Bacterial Aerosols in Poultry Houses: Insights from Taihang Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yejin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zitong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huage","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shishan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104295","article-title":"Sustainable poultry farming practices: A critical review of current strategies and future prospects","volume":"103","author":"Bist","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. 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