{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:23:11Z","timestamp":1790709791593,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008231","name":"Arkansas Biosciences Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#PG104703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#PG104703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008231","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO), and its associated lameness, is one of the most common and devastating issues the poultry industry constantly faces, both globally and domestically. Leveraging the currently accepted \u201cleaky gut\u201d model of pathogenesis, this study aims to evaluate the cecal community of broilers reared under the aerosol transmission BCO induction model. A trial involving 1320 Cobb 500 broilers was conducted using the same induction model for 56 d with the following treatments: (1) positive control (PC)\u2014untreated birds on wire-flooring pens; (2) negative control (NC)\u2014untreated birds on litter-flooring pens; (3) LOW\u2014birds treated with probiotic Enterococcus faecium spray on day-of-hatch (2.0 \u00d7 109 CFU\/bird); and (4) HIGH\u2014birds treated with LOW spray combined with probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens\/Bacillus subtilis inclusion in the diet (492.1 mg\/kg). Cecal contents were collected from six birds per treatment on d14, d28, d42, and d56 of the experiment; then, DNA was extracted and sent for 16 s V3\u2013V4 amplicon sequencing. Returned sequences were assembled and taxonomically assigned, after which diversity indices were analyzed (including alpha, beta, and abundance). No significant effect was found between all treatments and positive\/negative control groups in all timepoints, but timepoints were significantly different from each other in both alpha and beta diversity indices (p &lt; 0.05). Abundance analysis also showed a high Bacillota:Bacteroidota ratio (average 18.87; p &lt; 0.0001) with Bacillota (Firmicutes) dominating at 95.57% on average across all treatments, followed by Bacteroidota at 5.06% and Pseudomonadota at 2.59%. These findings characterize in detail the cecal microbiome in populations of broilers reared under the novel aerosol transmission induction model, offering further insights and possibilities into studies of BCO etiology and pathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15243641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T15:53:46Z","timestamp":1765986826000},"page":"3641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preliminary Investigation of Cecal Microbiota in Experimental Broilers Reared Under the Aerosol Transmission Lameness Induction Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5119-0355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anh Dang Trieu","family":"Do","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"},{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9137-6734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khawla","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3625-3589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruvindu","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"},{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6793-1833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andi","family":"Asnayanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"},{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5122-9150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adnan","family":"Alrubaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"},{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"},{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Chicken Council (2024, June 02). 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