{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T09:01:17Z","timestamp":1782291677300,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gallbladder mucocele is a major cause of biliary disease in dogs, particularly affecting elderly and small-breed populations. Background: This study retrospectively evaluated 65 dogs that underwent cholecystectomy at a referral hospital in Seoul, Korea, (2022\u20132025) to characterize clinical features, bile culture results, antimicrobial susceptibility, and histopathologic findings. Methods: Signalment, ASA grade, preoperative laboratory data, bile culture and susceptibility results, and postoperative outcomes were reviewed. Results: Bile culture was positive in 21.3% (13\/61) of cases, most frequently isolating Escherichia coli 38.5% (5\/13) and Enterococcus spp. 30.8% (4\/13). Approximately 18% of isolates were multidrug- or extensively drug-resistant, showing reduced susceptibility to \u03b2-lactams but retained sensitivity to imipenem and florfenicol. Preoperative increases in liver enzyme activities and C-reactive protein were common. Histopathology revealed gallbladder mucosal hyperplasia 90.4% (47\/52) and inflammation 61.5% (35\/52), often accompanied by hepatic inflammation or fibrosis. Toy Poodles were significantly over-represented (35.4%; OR = 3.1, p &lt; 0.001). Antibiotic matching was not significantly associated with complications or the length of hospital stay (LOS). Conclusions: Although the bile-culture positivity rate was modest, the frequent detection of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) organisms highlights the clinical value of culture-guided antibiotic therapy. Routine bile culture with susceptibility testing, concurrent liver biopsy, and careful perioperative management may improve diagnostic accuracy and outcomes in canine gallbladder disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16010031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T16:19:26Z","timestamp":1766420366000},"page":"31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bile Culture, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Hepatobiliary Pathology in Dogs Undergoing Cholecystectomy for Gallbladder Mucocele"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8126-358X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Min","family":"Choe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Helix Animal Medical Center, Seoul 06222, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyoju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helix Animal Medical Center, Seoul 06222, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0565-7645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeonyeon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helix Animal Medical Center, Seoul 06222, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwi-Yool","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.1615","article-title":"Gallbladder mucocele in dogs: 30 cases (2000\u20132002)","volume":"224","author":"Pike","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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