{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:38:14Z","timestamp":1787060294356,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Specific university discipline construction project","award":["2023B10564003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B10564003"]}]},{"name":"Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Guangdong Provincial Laboratory Zhaoqing Branch\u2019s \u201814th Five-Year\u2019 Independent Project","award":["P20211154-030303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20211154-030303"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the prevalence of 11 common pathogens in dogs and cats in Shenzhen, China, from January 2022 to March 2024, aiming to enhance the understanding of their epidemiological characteristics for improved disease control strategies. Diagnostic testing for the target pathogens was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), colloidal gold test strips, or fluorescence immunoassay. Statistical analysis revealed that among 13,134 cats, Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV) showed the highest prevalence (35.83%), followed by Feline Calicivirus (FCV, 26.20%), Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus (FIPV, 22.00%), and Feline Herpesvirus (FHV, 15.76%). Among 3626 dogs, Canine Parvovirus (CPV) and Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) were predominant, showing a prevalence of 54.55% and 42.83%, respectively. Risk factor analysis showed that most infections occurred in unvaccinated animals and young individuals (&lt;1 year old), with higher incidences in winter and spring. Logistic regression indicated that sex, age, and season were significantly associated with FPV, FHV, and FIPV infections, while age and season were associated with FCV, CPV, and CDV infections (sex showed no association). This study contributes to the epidemiological knowledge of common infectious diseases in dogs and cats, providing a theoretical basis for disease prevention in dogs and cats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16010049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T11:22:14Z","timestamp":1766575334000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association Study on Risk Factors for Major Infectious Diseases in Dogs and Cats in Shenzhen, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runchang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Inspection and Testing Center of Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanxing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongjie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunping","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Inspection and Testing Center of Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinyi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qida","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Inspection and Testing Center of Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2896-3629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bowen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Inspection and Testing Center of Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4422-9619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, Y., Tang, Z., Wang, K., Geng, Z., Yang, S., Guo, J., Chen, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Z., and Chen, P. (2024). Epidemiological and Molecular Investigation of Feline Panleukopenia Virus Infection in China. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16121967"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.05.027","article-title":"Feline parvovirus infection and associated diseases","volume":"201","author":"Stuetzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, A., Willi, B., Meli, M.L., Boretti, F.S., Hartnack, S., Dreyfus, A., Lutz, H., and Hofmann-Lehmann, R. (2015). Feline calicivirus and other respiratory pathogens in cats with Feline calicivirus-related symptoms and in clinically healthy cats in Switzerland. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0595-2"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Profio, F., Carnevale, M., Marsilio, F., Pellegrini, F., Martella, V., Di Martino, B., and Sarchese, V. (2025). Feline Calicivirus Infection: Current Understanding and Implications for Control Strategies. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15142009"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3164.1999.00145.x","article-title":"Ulcerative facial and nasal dermatitis and stomatitis in cats associated with feline herpesvirus 1","volume":"10","author":"Hargis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.05.002","article-title":"Efficacy of passively transferred antibodies in cats with acute viral upper respiratory tract infection","volume":"201","author":"Friedl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H., Qiao, P., Chen, Y., Liu, C., Huo, N., Ding, H., Wang, X., Wang, L., Xi, X., and Liu, Y. (2025). Cellular and humoral immune responses in cats vaccinated with feline herpesvirus 1 modified live virus vaccine. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1516850"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2016.08.002","article-title":"Feline coronaviruses: Pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"96","author":"Tekes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1981.42.03.368","article-title":"An enteric coronavirus infection of cats and its relationship to feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"42","author":"Pedersen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felten, S., and Hartmann, K. (2019). Diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis: A review of the current literature. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111068"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Costa, V.G., Saivish, M.V., de Oliveira, P.G., Silva-J\u00fanior, A., Moreli, M.L., and Kr\u00fcger, R.H. (2021). First complete genome sequence and molecular characterization of Canine morbillivirus isolated in Central Brazil. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92183-2"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, J., Wang, T., Wang, Q., Wang, X., Fan, X., Hu, T., Leng, X., Shi, K., Li, J., and Gong, Q. (2024). Prevalence of canine distemper in minks, foxes and raccoon dogs from 1983 to 2023 in Asia, North America, South America and Europe. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1394631"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.09.007","article-title":"Canine parvovirus\u2014A review of epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, with emphasis on type 2c","volume":"155","author":"Decaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eregowda, C.G., De, U.K., Singh, M., Prasad, H., Sarma, K., Roychoudhury, P., Rajesh, J.B., Patra, M.K., and Behera, S.K. (2020). Assessment of certain biomarkers for predicting survival in response to treatment in dogs naturally infected with canine parvovirus. Microb. Pathog., 149.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104485"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilian, E., Suchodolski, J.S., Hartmann, K., Mueller, R.S., Wess, G., and Unterer, S. (2018). Long-term effects of canine parvovirus infection in dogs. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192198"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Shang, K., Chen, J., Yu, Z., Wei, Y., He, L., and Ding, K. (2024). Global distribution, cross-species transmission, and receptor binding of canine parvovirus-2: Risks and implications for humans. Sci. Total Environ., 930.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172307"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behdenna, A., Lembo, T., Calatayud, O., Cleaveland, S., Halliday, J.E., Packer, C., Lankester, F., Hampson, K., Craft, M.E., and Czupryna, A. (2019). Transmission ecology of canine parvovirus in a multi-host, multi-pathogen system. Proc. R. Soc. B, 286.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.2772"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Baky, M.M., El-Khabaz, K.A., Abdelbaset, A.E., and Hamed, M.I. (2023). Clinico-epidemiological survey of feline parvovirus circulating in three Egyptian provinces from 2020 to 2021. Arch. Virol., 168.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-023-05751-4"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.03.030","article-title":"A multi-national European cross-sectional study of feline calicivirus epidemiology, diversity and vaccine cross-reactivity","volume":"35","author":"Afonso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Cheng, Y., Fang, Z., Zhongqi, Q., Weidong, Y., Yilmaz, A., Yilmaz, H., and Umar, S. (2024). First report of molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic characteristics of feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) from naturally infected cats in Kunshan, China. Virol. J., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02319-9"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Qiao, P., Wu, H., Liu, C., Yang, Y., Cao, Y., Cui, N., Wang, L., and Huang, M. (2025). Evaluating Vaccine-Induced Immunity in Domestic Cats: Insights from a Large-Scale Study in China. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7634439\/v1"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Synowiec, A., D\u0105browska, A., Pachota, M., Baouche, M., Owczarek, K., Ni\u017ca\u0144ski, W., and Pyrc, K. (2023). Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) enters the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis. J. Virol., 97.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00681-23"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.03.010","article-title":"Prevalence of serum antibody titres against feline panleukopenia, herpesvirus and calicivirus infections in stray cats of Milan, Italy","volume":"167","author":"Labriola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, V., Kelman, M., Ward, M., and Westman, M. (2019). Risk of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Infection in Pet Cats in Australia is Higher in Areas of Lower Socioeconomic Status. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9090592"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reinhard, C.L., McCobb, E., Stefanovski, D., and Sharp, C.R. (2020). A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of famciclovir in shelter cats with naturally occurring upper respiratory tract disease. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091448"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(99)00043-7","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence of UK and Australian isolates of feline calicivirus (FCV) and phylogenetic analysis of FCVs","volume":"67","author":"Glenn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loyd, K., Hernandez, S., Abernathy, K., Shock, B., and Marshall, G. (2013). Risk behaviours exhibited by free-roaming cats in a suburban US town. Vet. Rec., 173.","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101222"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.azn.2025.03.005","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of cat infectious diseases in China from 2022 to 2023","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Zoonoses"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/aro2.29","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of feline viral infectious diseases in China from 2018 to 2020","volume":"1","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Res. One Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822012000200017","article-title":"Isolation and identification of feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus in Southern Brazil","volume":"43","author":"Henzel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2006.03.018","article-title":"Herpesvirus latency and therapy\u2014From a veterinary perspective","volume":"71","author":"Field","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Zhu, J., Yang, H., and Lyu, Y. (2025). Epidemiology and Molecular Characterization of Feline Calicivirus in Beijing, China. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15040494"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spiri, A.M., Riond, B., Stirn, M., Novacco, M., Meli, M.L., Boretti, F.S., Herbert, I., Hosie, M.J., and Hofmann-Lehmann, R. (2021). Modified-live feline calicivirus vaccination reduces viral RNA loads, duration of RNAemia, and the severity of clinical signs after heterologous feline calicivirus challenge. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081505"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01316910","article-title":"Detection of feline herpesvirus 1 transcripts in trigeminal ganglia of latently infected cats","volume":"129","author":"Ohmura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Townsend, W.M., Jacobi, S., Tai, S.-H., Kiupel, M., Wise, A.G., and Maes, R.K. (2013). Ocular and neural distribution of feline herpesvirus-1 during active and latent experimental infection in cats. BMC Vet. Res., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-185"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.03.030","article-title":"Evidence of feline herpesvirus-1 DNA in the vestibular ganglion of domestic cats","volume":"184","author":"Parzefall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.03.009","article-title":"Three-year duration of immunity for feline herpesvirus and calicivirus evaluated in a controlled vaccination-challenge laboratory trial","volume":"177","author":"Jas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818000754","article-title":"Use of vaccines and factors associated with their uptake variability in dogs, cats and rabbits attending a large sentinel network of veterinary practices across Great Britain","volume":"146","author":"Muniesa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211023056","article-title":"Fecal viral DNA shedding following clinical panleukopenia virus infection in shelter kittens: A prospective, observational study","volume":"24","author":"Janke","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.1111","article-title":"Epidemiology of feline infectious peritonitis among cats examined at veterinary medical teaching hospitals","volume":"218","author":"Rohrbach","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2005.04.003","article-title":"Prevalence of feline infectious peritonitis in specific cat breeds","volume":"8","author":"Radzai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.04.017","article-title":"An update on feline infectious peritonitis: Virology and immunopathogenesis","volume":"201","author":"Pedersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714538965","article-title":"Detection and genetic characterization of Canine parvovirus and Canine coronavirus strains circulating in district of Tirana in Albania","volume":"26","author":"Cavalli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groppetti, D., Pecile, A., Filipe, J., Riva, F., Inglesi, A., Kuhn, P.A., Giussani, E., and Dall\u2019Ara, P. (2024). Canine Amniotic Fluid at Birth Holds Information about Neonatal Antibody Titres against Core Vaccine Viruses. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11060234"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, C., Zheng, M., Yu, Z., Jiang, S., Zhou, B., Song, Q., Ma, T., Zhou, Y., Dong, W., and Li, D. (2021). Supplemental dietary selenohomolanthionine improve antioxidant activity and immune function in weaned beagle puppies. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.728358"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Liu, H., Ding, K., Peng, C., Xue, Q., Yu, Z., and Xue, Y. (2016). Occurrence of canine parvovirus in dogs from Henan province of China in 2009\u20132014. BMC Vet. Res., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0753-1"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, B., Zhang, G., Zhang, J., Bai, J., and Lin, W. (2020). A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of characterization of canine parvoviruses 2 prevalent in mainland China. Virol. J., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01462-3"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.18-0012","article-title":"Serosurvey of rabies virus, canine distemper virus, parvovirus, and influenza virus in military working dogs in Korea","volume":"80","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oleiwi, K.I., Hussein, M.A., Fahad, O.A., and Abdulrazzaq, S.O. (2025). Infection rate of canine parvovirus in dogs presented at private veterinary clinics in Baghdad city. Open Vet. J., 15.","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2025.v15.i1.35"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.03.014","article-title":"Antigenic analysis of genetic variants of canine distemper virus","volume":"219","author":"Anis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1982.180.01.37","article-title":"Maternally derived immunity to canine parvovirus infection: Transfer, decline, and interference with vaccination","volume":"180","author":"Pollock","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Day, M.J., Horzinek, M., Schultz, R., and Squires, R. (2016). WSAVA Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats. J. Small Anim. Pract., 57.","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.2_12431"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solano-Gallego, L., Sainz, \u00c1., Roura, X., Estrada-Pe\u00f1a, A., and Mir\u00f3, G. (2016). A review of canine babesiosis: The European perspective. Parasites Vectors, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1596-0"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zygner, W., Gojska-Zygner, O., Bartosik, J., G\u00f3rski, P., Karabowicz, J., Kotomski, G., and Norbury, L.J. (2023). Canine babesiosis caused by large Babesia species: Global prevalence and risk factors\u2014A review. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13162612"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X.-T., Wang, L., Ding, Y., and Sun, W.-W. (2022). Toxoplasma gondii infection in pet cats and their owners in northeastern China: An important public health concern. BMC Vet. Res., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03110-6"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, H., Gao, Y.-M., Deng, Y., Lamberton, P.H., and Lu, D.-B. (2017). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cats in mainland China. Parasites Vectors, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-1970-6"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07415-1","article-title":"Geospatial epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in livestock, pets, and humans in China, 1984\u20132020","volume":"121","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Xu, M.-J., Zhou, D.-H., Song, H.-Q., Wang, C.-R., and Zhu, X.-Q. (2012). Canine and feline parasitic zoonoses in China. Parasites Vectors, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-152"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00080-14","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in China: An endemic disease under control","volume":"28","author":"Lun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"CDC (2024, September 18). Overview of Notifiable Infectious Diseases Across China in 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.chinacdc.cn\/jksj\/jksj01\/202410\/t20241010_301346.html."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/1\/49\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T11:39:40Z","timestamp":1766576380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/1\/49"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16010049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16010049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]}}}