{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:02:21Z","timestamp":1791223341257,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian National Antarctic Research Program"},{"name":"Italian Minister of University and Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the occurrence of bacteria resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals in Terra Nova Bay, a coastal area of the Ross Sea in Antarctica that is increasingly recognised as vulnerable to human influence. During the 37th Italian Antarctic Expedition (2021\u20132022), researchers collected seawater, sediment, and fish samples from the notothenioid species Trematomus bernacchii to evaluate microbial resistance in an environment once considered largely pristine. Fifty heterotrophic bacterial isolates were obtained and tested against twenty-eight antibiotics, revealing a notable presence of multidrug resistance. These multidrug-resistant isolates were then assessed for their tolerance to eight heavy metal salts to understand whether resistance traits extended beyond antimicrobials. Twelve isolates showing resistance to both antibiotics and metals were selected for further genetic screening, targeting key resistance genes linked to tetracycline, vancomycin, sulphonamides, and other antimicrobial classes. The detection of multiple resistance genes in genera such as Pseudomonas, Pseudoalteromonas, and Psychrobacter indicates that both natural selective pressures and local, human-related contamination may be shaping resistance patterns in this region. Overall, the study demonstrates that even remote Antarctic marine ecosystems can host bacteria with complex resistance profiles. While these ecosystems are largely isolated, human activities such as scientific research, tourism, and the introduction of pollutants may contribute to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes, raising important ecological and potential public health considerations regarding the spread of resistance in polar environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16010051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T11:22:14Z","timestamp":1766575334000},"page":"51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance in Marine Bacteria from Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea): Insights from Wild Fish and Environmental Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6840-3154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Gugliandolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5073-2697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilal","family":"Mghili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LESCB, URL-CNRST N\u00b018, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Fabrizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), 98122 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0955-1111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kannan","family":"Gunasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Smedile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP), National Research Council (CNR), 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4729-2322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Inferrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Natale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8515-1964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Romeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stazione Zoologica \u201cAnton Dohrn\u201d, Sicily Marine Centre, 98167 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Sicily Marine Centre, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Via Dei Mille 46, 98057 Milazzo, Italy"},{"name":"National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, 98057 Milazzo, Italy"},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9093-3450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Arcadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stazione Zoologica \u201cAnton Dohrn\u201d, Sicily Marine Centre, 98167 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1013-0605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Sikandar","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha Punjab 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7885-2340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Azzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP), National Research Council (CNR), 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3789-5685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Bottari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), 98122 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future 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