{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T17:34:48Z","timestamp":1778002488616,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013050","name":"Guangdong Foundation for Program of Science and Technology Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020B1111530002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1111530002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Special Funds Program of Guangdong Academy of Sciences","award":["3022180002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3022180002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza), a fast-growing aquatic plant rich in protein and bioactive compounds, offers a sustainable alternative to conventional aquafeed protein sources. This study evaluated the effects of incorporating 25\u201375% duckweed meal into a commercial feed on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) over a 6-week trial. Fish meal, wheat starch, and vegetable oil was added in amounts to obtain isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets. Additionally, another grass carps were used for extended feeding until they reached approximately 1000 g, using the feed with the optimal duckweed inclusion rate (25%). Fish fed a diet consisting of 75% commercial feed and 25% duckweed meal (F75D25) exhibited significantly higher weight gain. Muscle analysis revealed increased protein content (up 15%, p &lt; 0.05) and improved amino acid and fatty acid profiles. Liver, muscle, and blood assays showed elevated antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD up 20%, LYS up 18%; p &lt; 0.05) and immune markers (CRP, GOT; p &lt; 0.05), indicating enhanced health status. Transcriptomic and metagenomic analyses confirmed the upregulation of immune-related genes (e.g., SOD1, IL-6; fold change &gt; 2, p &lt; 0.01) and beneficial shifts in gut microbiota (e.g., increased Firmicutes). These findings highlight duckweed\u2019s potential as a nutrient-rich, health-promoting ingredient for sustainable aquaculture diets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16010053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T14:27:51Z","timestamp":1766586471000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Duckweed as a Sustainable Aquafeed: Effects on Growth, Muscle Composition, Antioxidant and Immune Markers in Grass Carp"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7224-2389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingjie","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanfan and Seed Industry, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510220, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2596-8515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhangli","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Substances in Food and Medicine and Disease Prevention in Eastern Guangdong, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuewei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxing","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanfan and Seed Industry, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510220, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinglin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanfan and Seed Industry, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510220, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.05.085","article-title":"Toxic effects of Pb on Spirodela polyrhiza (L.): Subcellular distribution, chemical forms, morphological and physiological disorders","volume":"181","author":"Sha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. 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