{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T09:27:55Z","timestamp":1782034075795,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004770","name":"University of Parma","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004770","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We studied fine particulate matter (PM) effects on porcine granulosa, a model of endocrine reproductive cells, and on ovarian endothelial cells. PM produced a significant decrease (p &lt; 0.05) in metabolic activity. PM reduced endothelial cell proliferation (p &lt; 0.001). As for redox status, superoxide anion (O2\u2212) production by granulosa was reduced (p &lt; 0.05) by PM, while it was increased in endothelial cells (p &lt; 0.001). PM increased (p &lt; 0.001) nitric oxide (NO) levels in granulosa, while in endothelial cells, it displayed a biphasic effect (p &lt; 0.05) as well as for superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) in granulosa cells (p &lt; 0.001). In endothelial cells, PM increased (p &lt; 0.001) SOD. A reduction in Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) (p &lt; 0.01) was observed. In granulosa, PM did not induce oxidative damage to DNA, while in endothelial cells, it determined a reduction (p &lt; 0.05). PM significantly inhibited steroidogenesis (p &lt; 0.05). The accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) production was increased (p &lt; 0.05) by PM. The data obtained likely demonstrate that PM induces critical effects on ovarian cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16010081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T07:52:59Z","timestamp":1766994779000},"page":"81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fine Particulate Matter (PM) Effects on Swine Granulosa and Ovarian Endothelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1571-7023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Basini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2721-4183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Ramoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4380-5725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Grolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Bussolati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Assogna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Grasselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, November 18). 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