{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:33:06Z","timestamp":1787027586878,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Talents Introduction Fund of Hebei Agricultural University","award":["YJ201938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJ201938"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Sheep and Goat Innovation Team of Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System","award":["HBCT2024250203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBCT2024250203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Serving as a mineral-derived dietary buffer, the alkaline mineral complex (AMC) has the potential to influence the physiological functions of animals. Nonetheless, there is a notable scarcity of research in the field of ruminant science regarding its effects on fattening lambs. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of AMC supplementation on the growth performance, meat quality, serum biochemical parameters, and digestive function of fattening lambs. A total of 96 six-month-old male Small-Tailed Han lambs with an average body weight of 48 \u00b1 3.85 kg were randomly assigned to four groups: the control group (CON, 0 g\/d per lamb of AMC), test group 1 (LAMC, 2 g\/d per lamb of AMC), test group 2 (MAMC, 3 g\/d per lamb of AMC), and test group 3 (HAMC, 4 g\/d per lamb of AMC). Each group contained 24 lambs, with 3 pens per group and 8 lambs per pen. The trial lasted for 45 days, and the results showed that, compared with the CON group, the MAMC group demonstrated a significantly enhanced average daily gain (ADG) with a reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p &lt; 0.05). The redness (a*) of the meat in the AMC-treated groups was significantly greater than that of the CON group (p &lt; 0.05). The intramuscular fat (IMF) content in the longissimus dorsi (LD) of the MAMC group was significantly increased compared to the CON group (p &lt; 0.05). The low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol (TC) levels in the HAMC group were greater than those of other groups (p &lt; 0.01), and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) content was higher in the AMC-treated groups compared to the CON group (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, the duodenum lipase content in the HAMC group was significantly lower than that in the CON group (p &lt; 0.05), and the amylase content in the MAMC group was significantly higher than that of the CON group (p &lt; 0.05). The HAMC group had a significantly lower jejunum lipase content than those in the other groups (p &lt; 0.05). The LEfSe analysis showed that the MAMC group possessed significantly increased g_Prevotellaceae_Ga6A1_group levels. Furthermore, SOD and catalase (CAT) were both positively correlated with meat redness (a*) but were not significantly associated with ADG. In contrast, malondialdehyde (MDA) was negatively correlated with ADG, while no significant relationship was observed for meat redness (a*). In conclusion, an appropriate supplementation of AMC (3 g\/d per lamb) can improve growth performance and meat quality by enhancing the antioxidant capacity and modulating the composition of beneficial rumen bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16010106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T13:30:52Z","timestamp":1767187852000},"page":"106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Alkaline Mineral Complex Supplementation on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Serum Biochemical Parameters, and Digestive Function of Fattening Lambs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3155-8362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Mu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7943-7750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiawei","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0553-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5573-3530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shujun","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0077-3866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025). OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2025\u20132034, OECD Publishing. Chapter 5: Meat, Section 5.3.2. Production."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01234-5","article-title":"Research advances in intramuscular fat deposition and chicken meat quality: Genetics and nutrition","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13579","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13579","article-title":"Potential protective effects of thiamine supplementation on the ruminal epithelium damage during subacute ruminal acidosis","volume":"92","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.10.003","article-title":"Sinapic acid and resveratrol alleviate oxidative stress with modulation of gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed rats","volume":"116","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Shi, H., Wang, Y., Li, S., Cao, Z., Ji, S., He, Y., and Zhang, H. (2017). Effect of Dietary Forage to Concentrate Ratios on Dynamic Profile Changes and Interactions of Ruminal Microbiota and Metabolites in Holstein Heifers. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02206"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1079\/AHRR200237","article-title":"Transfer of energy substrates across the ruminal epithelium: Implications and limitations","volume":"3","author":"Aschenbach","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9644","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-23359","article-title":"A high-concentrate diet induces colonic inflammation and barrier damage in Hu sheep","volume":"106","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04447","article-title":"Sodium Butyrate Ameliorates High-Concentrate Diet-Induced Inflammation in the Rumen Epithelium of Dairy Goats","volume":"65","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2021.115118","article-title":"Effects of high-concentrate diet supplemented with grape seed procyanidins on the colonic fermentation, colonic morphology, and inflammatory response in lambs","volume":"281","author":"Mu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Zhang, Y., Elmhadi, M., Zhang, H., and Wang, H.R. (2021). Thiamine Alleviates High-Concentrate-Diet-Induced Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Protects the Rumen Epithelial Barrier Function in Goats. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.663698"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"41N","article-title":"Use of rare earth elements as feed additives in pig production","volume":"26","author":"Rambeck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pig News Inf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, C., Wang, X.W., Dai, D.W., Kong, F.L., Wang, S., Sun, X.G., Li, S.L., Xu, X.F., and Zhang, L.L. (2023). Effects of alkaline mineral complex supplementation on production performance, serum variables, and liver transcriptome in calves. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1282055"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skac251","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac251","article-title":"Effects of alkaline mineral complex water supplementation on growth performance, inflammatory response and intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets","volume":"100","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Guo, C., Xu, X., Zhang, L., Li, S., Dai, D., and Du, W. (2023). Effect of Alkaline Mineral Complex Buffer Supplementation on Rumen Fermentation, Rumen Microbiota and Rumen Epithelial Transcriptome of Newborn Calves. Fermentation, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation9110973"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Tang, Y. (2022). Effects of AMC on Intestinal Health in Chicks. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Northeast Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of Compound Trace Minerals on the Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Fattening Pigs","volume":"34","author":"Ha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2024.100465","article-title":"Inclusion of complexed trace minerals enhances performance of broiler chickens","volume":"33","author":"Macelline","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01742-4","article-title":"Multi-omics reveals that alkaline mineral water improves the respiratory health and growth performance of transported calves","volume":"12","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"150","article-title":"Production Performance of Jamuna Basin Lamb under Semi-Intensive Management System in Bangladesh","volume":"19","author":"Hashem","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.12120","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Barodon on Growth Performance, Innate Immunity and Disease Resistance of Juvenile Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, Against Streptococcus iniae","volume":"45","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06935","article-title":"Slaughter performance and meat quality of Begait breed lambs fattened under different diets","volume":"7","author":"Kahsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-495","article-title":"A study of the factors that influence consumer attitudes toward beef products using the conjoint market analysis tool","volume":"85","author":"Mennecke","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"6","article-title":"Microencapsulation of healthier oils: An efficient strategy to improve the lipid profile of meat products","volume":"40","author":"Teresinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-030212-182623","article-title":"Myoglobin Chemistry and Meat Color","volume":"4","author":"Suman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2010.04.025","article-title":"Myoglobin and lipid oxidation interactions: Mechanistic bases and control","volume":"86","author":"Faustman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Wei, M., Zhou, J., Yang, Z., Xiao, M., Du, L., Bao, M., Ju, J., Dong, C., and Zheng, Y. (2024). Effects of organic trace minerals chelated with oligosaccharides on growth performance, blood parameters, slaughter performance and meat quality in sheep. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1366314"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.2527\/2000.7882135x","article-title":"Effect of magnesium mica on performance and carcass quality of growing-finishing swine","volume":"78","author":"Apple","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, X., Wang, Y., Li, S., Sun, Y., Hou, G., Huang, R., and Zhang, F. (2025). The Effect of Broussonetia papyrifera Silage on the Growth Performance, Blood Physiological Parameters, Serum Biochemical Parameters, Immune Response, Antioxidant Capacity, and Rumen Bacteria of Kazakh Lamb. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15010078"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"txae177","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txae177","article-title":"Impact of a trace mineral injection at weaning on growth, behavior, and inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune responses of beef calves","volume":"8","author":"Vedovatto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.02.026","article-title":"The effect of injectable trace minerals (selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese) on peripheral blood leukocyte activity and serum superoxide dismutase activity of lactating Holstein cows","volume":"200","author":"Machado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, M., Liu, Y., Zhang, G., Yang, Z., Xu, W., and Chen, Q. (2023). The Applications and Mechanisms of Superoxide Dismutase in Medicine, Food, and Cosmetics. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12091675"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9829-y","article-title":"Analysis of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of silicon in murine macrophages","volume":"156","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rarinca, V., Gurzu, L.I., Nicoara, N.M., Ciobica, A., Ciornea, E.T., Gurzu, B., Solcan, C., and Ureche, D. (2025). Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles Alter Social Behavior, Color Preference, Oxidative Stress Markers, and Histological Structure of Brain Regions in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Life, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202507.1629.v1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.2478\/aoas-2024-0095","article-title":"Feed Additives Supplementation: A Potential Strategy to Ameliorate Heat Stress in Sheep\u2014A Review","volume":"25","author":"Rebez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"e95075","article-title":"Antioxidant Nutrients and Diabetes and Its Complications: A Narrative Review on the Roles of Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and Selenium","volume":"17","author":"Mummadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2021.03.008","article-title":"Are antioxidant enzymes essential markers in the diagnosis and monitoring of cancer patients\u2014A review","volume":"93","author":"Oliwia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.676890","article-title":"Subendothelial lipoprotein retention as the initiating process in atherosclerosis: Update and therapeutic implications","volume":"116","author":"Ira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.11.014","article-title":"Evaluation of ginger straw as a forage source for goats: Effects on performance, ruminal fermentation, meat quality and immunity","volume":"21","author":"Lv","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"skz372","article-title":"Inclusion of the direct-fed microbial Clostridium butyricum in diets for weanling pigs increases growth performance and tends to increase villus height and crypt depth, but does not change intestinal microbial abundance","volume":"1","author":"Casas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Chen, D. (2008). Regulation of Intestine and Its digestive enzymes Activities between Small-tailed Han Sheep and Tan Sheep. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Northwest A&F University]."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0044622","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00446-22","article-title":"Ruminal Microbiota Determines the High-Fiber Utilization of Ruminants: Evidence from the Ruminal Microbiota Transplant","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J.M., Ma, Y.S., Zhang, H.W., Wang, L.J., Zhang, Y.G., and Zhang, G.N. (2023). Fermented Total Mixed Ration Alters Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Microbiota in Dairy Cows. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13061062"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2022.115403","article-title":"Effects of corn straw treated with CaO on rumen degradation characteristics and fermentation parameters and their correlation with microbial diversity in rumen","volume":"292","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, P., Rehemujiang, H., Zhang, L., Lu, M., Li, C., Hu, L., Wang, Y., Diao, Q., and Xu, G. (2024). Lycium barbarum (Wolfberry) Branches and Leaves Enhance the Growth Performance and Improve the Rumen Microbiota in Hu Sheep. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14111610"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Xie, B., Ji, H., and Li, S. (2024). Effects of dietary supplementation with alkaline mineral complex on in vitro ruminal fermentation and bacterial composition. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1357738"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, S.T., Huang, K.Y., Wen, X.L., Gao, J.C., Cui, B.L., Yao, K., Zhan, X.L., Hu, S.L., Wu, Q.W., and Xiao, H. (2022). Dietary supplementation with potassium-magnesium sulfate modulates the antioxidant capacity, immunity, and gut microbiota in weaned piglets. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.961989"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kou, X., Ma, Q., Liu, Y., Khan, M.Z., Wu, B., Chen, W., Liu, X., Wang, C., and Li, Y. (2024). Exploring the Effect of Gastrointestinal Prevotella on Growth Performance Traits in Livestock Animals. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14131965"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00559-y","article-title":"Prevotella diversity, niches and interactions with the human host","volume":"19","author":"Tett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Q.C., Wang, W.K., Zhang, F., Li, W.J., Wang, Y.L., Lv, L.K., and Yang, H.J. (2022). Dietary Cysteamine Supplementation Remarkably Increased Feed Efficiency and Shifted Rumen Fermentation toward Glucogenic Propionate Production via Enrichment of Prevotella in Feedlot Lambs. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061105"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amat, S., Lantz, H., Munyaka, P.M., and Willing, B.P. (2020). Prevotella in Pigs: The Positive and Negative Associations with Production and Health. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101584"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, Y., Mou, H., He, Y., Zhang, D., Pan, X., Zhou, L., Shen, Y., and E, G. (2024). Effects of Key Rumen Bacteria and Microbial Metabolites on Fatty Acid Deposition in Goat Muscle. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14223225"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, R., Zou, H.W., Wang, H.Z., Wang, Z.S., Wang, X.Y., Ma, J., Shah, A.M., Peng, Q.H., Xue, B., and Wang, L.Z. (2020). Dietary Energy Levels Affect Rumen Bacterial Populations that Influence the Intramuscular Fat Fatty Acids of Fattening Yaks (Bos grunniens). Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091474"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01217-6","article-title":"Prevotella stercorea increases fat deposition in Jinhua pigs fed alfalfa grass-based diets","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/1\/106\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T13:50:37Z","timestamp":1767189037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/1\/106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16010106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16010106","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]}}}