{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T23:53:38Z","timestamp":1785282818307,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007288","name":"Mahasarakham University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reproductive problems in farm ruminants are often linked to imbalances in the microorganisms living in the reproductive tract and their ability to form biofilms. This study examined the presence of bacteria and their biofilm-forming capacity in cows (n = 35), water buffaloes (n = 25), and goats (n = 33) in Northeastern Thailand. Samples collected from the vulva, urethral opening, and vagina were analyzed using bacterial culture, PCR, and a microtiter biofilm assay. Ten bacterial species were identified. H. trogontum and B. ovis were most common in water buffaloes and goats, while cows showed higher levels of beneficial bacteria such as B. longum and L. acidophilus. Biofilm testing showed mostly weak or non-adherent biofilms, with mean absorbance values remaining low across species. Weak biofilms were especially common in goats, whereas cows showed predominantly non-adherent patterns. Biofilm-associated genes (icaA, icaD, opp3AB) were more frequently detected in cows and buffaloes and were moderately correlated with weak biofilm formation. Overall, the results show that each ruminant species has a distinct microbial profile and biofilm behavior within its reproductive tract. These differences may influence susceptibility to reproductive infections and can guide future strategies for improving reproductive health and disease prevention in farm animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16010133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T17:51:21Z","timestamp":1767376281000},"page":"133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Microbial Distribution and Biofilm-Forming Capacity in the Reproductive Tract of Farm Ruminants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Charinya","family":"So-In","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin 46000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natchaporn","family":"Piamalung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aomsab","family":"Kongkaew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6544-4501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phiyakorn","family":"Sriarun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benyapa","family":"Kammungkun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9768-1585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sawarod","family":"Phongchaiwasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bongkodkanok","family":"Somwaeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wichayada","family":"Haputon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanchanok","family":"Wadmuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1392-6246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surasak","family":"Khankhum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2213-4037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuchsupha","family":"Sunthamala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand"},{"name":"Epidemic Simulation and Aetiology Nexus for Infectious Diseases, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebani, V.V. 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