{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T08:58:48Z","timestamp":1767603528470,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Washington State University CVM Student Summer Research Fellowship Program","award":["0000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>At Animals Asia\u2019s Vietnam Bear Rescue Center (VBRC), 40% of the current population has been diagnosed with systemic hypertension. Systemic hypertension lesions have led to fatal consequences in the form of aortic aneurysm and rupture. Historically, veterinarians were only able to diagnose systemic hypertension by identifying validated secondary structural heart and retinal lesions during annual health checks of anesthetized bears. In 2021, the VBRC began training bears for cooperative conscious blood pressure measurements to increase monitoring frequency and expedite the diagnosis of systemic hypertension in affected bears. The objective of this study was to evaluate a noninvasive method of blood pressure measurement in trained, cooperative Asiatic black bears. Indirect blood pressure measurements, using the oscillometric technique, were validated with direct arterial measurements in nine bears (6 male, 3 female, ages 13\u201322 years) undergoing anesthesia for annual health checks. Eleven trained bears at the VBRC without secondary lesions of systemic hypertension (6 male, 5 female, ages 7\u201323 years) were used to develop normal systolic ranges for Asiatic black bears using the indirect technique. Mean blood pressure measurements for this group of trained bears (n = 11) were 180.65 +\/\u2212 37 mmHg (95% CI: 126\u2013255) systolic. These results suggest that indirect blood pressures may be a useful tool to monitor blood pressure in cooperative conscious bears at the VBRC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16010146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T08:40:53Z","timestamp":1767602453000},"page":"146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Conscious Indirect Blood Pressure Measurements in Asiatic Black Bears (Ursus thibetanus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Grace M.","family":"Scrafford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O. Lynne","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Sanki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnam Bear Rescue Center, H\u1ed3 S\u01a1n, Tam \u0110\u1ea3o National Park, Tam Dao 283600, V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"van Herpt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnam Bear Rescue Center, H\u1ed3 S\u01a1n, Tam \u0110\u1ea3o National Park, Tam Dao 283600, V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5694-1082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Statistical Education and Research, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Garshelis, D., and Steinmetz, R. (2024, January 15). Ursus thibetanus (Amended Version of 2016 Assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. e.T22824A166528664. Available online: https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/species\/22824\/166528664."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1638\/2018-0018.1","article-title":"Aortic aneurysm, dissection, and rupture in six bile-farmed bears","volume":"49","author":"Bando","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-5-2","article-title":"Bear bile: Dilemma of traditional medicinal use and animal protection","volume":"5","author":"Feng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomedicine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bando, M.K., Nelson, O.L., Kogan, C., Sellon, R., Wiest, M., Bacon, H.J., Hunter-Ishikawa, M., Leadbeater, W., Yamazaki, K., and Jin, Y. (2019). 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[Doctoral Dissertation, Washington State University]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.17555\/jvc.2016.12.33.6.321","article-title":"A Comparison of Ultrasonic Doppler and Oscillometric Methods in Systemic Blood Pressure Measurement of Dogs","volume":"33","author":"Gang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Clin."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1803","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats","volume":"32","author":"Acierno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Assoc. Vet. Nephrol. Urol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1984.184.11.1375","article-title":"Blood pressures obtained by indirect measurement in conscious dogs","volume":"184","author":"Coulter","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/10888705.2015.1126523","article-title":"Positive reinforcement training for blood collection in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) results in undetectable elevations in serum cortisol levels: A preliminary investigation","volume":"19","author":"Newberry","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/1\/146\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T08:55:01Z","timestamp":1767603301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/1\/146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16010146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16010146","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}}}