{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T13:31:45Z","timestamp":1767792705444,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32172971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172971"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32273131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32273131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32473155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32473155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024A1515010328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515010328"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Programme","award":["2023B0202010005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B0202010005"]}]},{"name":"Youth Science and Technology Innovation Talent of Guangdong TeZhi Plan Talent","award":["2023TQ07A888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TQ07A888"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sex determination and differentiation in teleosts are governed by complex genetic regulatory networks that include evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. In this study, we investigated Boleophthalmus pectinirostris, a Gobiidae species lacking heterogametic sex chromosomes, using comparative gonadal transcriptome analysis to identify sex differentially expressed genes (DEGs). RNA sequencing of ovarian and testicular tissues identified 17,214 DEGs, including 14,302 upregulated in males and 2912 upregulated in females. These DEGs were primarily associated with male (e.g., dmrt1, amh, amhr2) or female (e.g., bmp15, gdf9, rspo1) sex determination and differentiation, steroidogenesis (e.g., hsd17b1, hsd3b1, cyp17a1), and meiosis (e.g., cyp26b1, aldh1a2, piwil2). Functional enrichment analysis revealed that male upregulated DEGs were involved in spermatogenesis pathways such as calcium signaling, while female upregulated DEGs were associated with oogenesis pathways including oocyte meiosis and progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation. Conserved regulators, notably dmrt1 and amh, were predicted to act as key hubs in protein\u2013protein interaction networks, being primarily associated with reproductive processes and sex differentiation in B. pectinirostris. The amh gene produces two alternatively spliced isoforms that differ by a partial deletion in the second exon, both expressed in ovaries and testes. Collectively, this study provides the first comprehensive molecular framework of sex determination and differentiation in Gobiidae species, offering critical insights into the regulatory mechanisms of B. pectinirostris reproductive development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16010150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T10:03:48Z","timestamp":1767607428000},"page":"150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative RNA-Seq Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes in the Testis and Ovary of Mudskipper, Boleophthalmus pectinirostris"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"He","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518057, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7079-0237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changxu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongjuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianli","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siping","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2675-2043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2465-1775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongneng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, 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