{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:11:06Z","timestamp":1790889066586,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"World Horse Welfare","award":["26221006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26221006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Working equids support millions of people globally, especially in low-income, lower-middle-income, and upper-middle-income countries. However, they commonly suffer from poor welfare and are typically overlooked in policy and funding decisions. This scoping review aimed to collate evidence on two topics related to working equid use in low- and middle-income countries: their socioeconomic value to their owners and the impact of educational interventions for owners\/handlers aiming to improve equid welfare. Original research published from 2014 onwards was eligible for inclusion. This scoping review followed the JBI methodology and PRISMA-ScR framework. One search strategy encompassing both topics was applied to five databases (CAB Abstracts, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and IBSS) on 24.04.24. Key characteristics and findings of eligible studies were charted. In total, 3514 sources were independently screened by two reviewers. In total, 61 socioeconomic value studies (47 journal articles, 2 reports, and 12 conference contributions) and 23 educational intervention studies (11 journal articles and 12 conference contributions) were included. Working equids supported their owners\u2019 livelihoods in wide-ranging ways and contributed to the United Nations\u2019 Sustainable Development Goals. Educational interventions employed varied approaches, and most reported success. Multilevel initiatives and those developed through participatory engagement may be more likely to directly improve equid welfare in the long term. These aspects should be prioritised during intervention development. The included studies used inconsistent terminology and were of variable quality. This review highlights the importance of including working equids within policy and funding strategies and provides recommendations to increase the discoverability, quality, and impact of working equid research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16020165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T08:26:56Z","timestamp":1767774416000},"page":"165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Scoping Review of the Socioeconomic Value of Working Equids, and the Impact of Educational Interventions Aimed at Improving Their Welfare"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7190-0722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia","family":"Cameron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3119-2207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6418-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Horse Welfare, Anne Colvin House, Snetterton, Norwich NR16 2LR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Burridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7203-1733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Burrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2024, February 15). Crops and Livestock Products. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#data\/QCL."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sommerville, R., Brown, A.F., and Upjohn, M. (2018). A standardised equine-based welfare assessment tool used for six years in low and middle income countries. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192354"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"48","article-title":"Observation on major welfare problems of equine in Meskan district, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"22","author":"Mekuria","year":"2010","journal-title":"Livest. Res. Rural. Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Allan, F. (2025, January 05). A Landscaping Analysis of Working Equid Population Numbers in LIMCs, with Policy Recommendations. Available online: https:\/\/www.pure.ed.ac.uk\/ws\/portalfiles\/portal\/412697677\/Equid_Population_Landscaping_Analysis.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600032504","article-title":"One welfare: Linking poverty, equid ownership and equid welfare in the brick kilns of India","volume":"31","author":"Kubasiewicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maggs, H.C., Ainslie, A., and Bennett, R.M. (2021). Donkey Ownership Provides a Range of Income Benefits to the Livelihoods of Rural Households in Northern Ghana. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113154"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13349","article-title":"Comparison of working equid welfare across three regions of Mexico","volume":"53","author":"Haddy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.2346-2352","article-title":"Analysis of the benefits and production challenges of working donkeys in smallholder farming systems in Kenya","volume":"13","author":"Gichure","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-022-01613-8","article-title":"The Global Contributions of Working Equids to Sustainable Agriculture and Livelihoods in Agenda 2030","volume":"19","author":"Grace","year":"2022","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2005.02.002","article-title":"Assessment of the welfare of working horses, mules and donkeys, using health and behaviour parameters","volume":"69","author":"Pritchard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasanthakumar, M.A., Upjohn, M.M., Watson, T.L., and Dwyer, C.M. (2021). \u2018All My Animals Are Equal, but None Can Survive without the Horse\u2019. The Contribution of Working Equids to the Livelihoods of Women across Six Communities in the Chimaltenango Region of Guatemala. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061509"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonsi, M., Anderson, N.E., and Carder, G. (2023). The Socioeconomic Impact of Diseases of Working Equids in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Critical Review. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13243865"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Valette, D. (2014). Invisible Helpers: Women\u2019s Views on the Contributions of Working Donkeys, Horses and Mules to Their Lives, The Brooke."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12359","article-title":"Science in brief: Report on the first Havemeyer workshop on infectious diseases in working equids, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, November 2013","volume":"47","author":"Stringer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.08.004","article-title":"Animal traction and transport in the 21st century: Getting the priorities right","volume":"186","author":"Pritchard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"United Nations (2025, November 27). The Sustainable Development Goals Report. Available online: https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/sdgs\/report\/2025\/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2025.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"23","article-title":"The socioeconomic impact of health problems of working equids in low and middle-income countries: A scoping review on the female-gender perspectives","volume":"2","author":"Bonsi","year":"2023","journal-title":"CABI One Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104981","article-title":"The socioeconomic impact of equine epizootic lymphangitis in working equids in low and middle-income countries: A scoping review","volume":"132","author":"Bonsi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.09.016","article-title":"Environmental and demographic risk factors for poor welfare in working horses, donkeys and mules in developing countries","volume":"186","author":"Burn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merridale-Punter, M.S., Wiethoelter, A.K., El-Hage, C.M., and Hitchens, P.L. (2022). Prevalence and Factors Associated with Working Equid Lameness in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12223100"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wild, I., Gedge, A., Burridge, J., and Burford, J. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on the working equid community: Responses from 1530 individuals accessing ngo support in 14 low- and middle-income countries. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051363"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grandin, T., and Whiting, M. (2018). Working equids: The welfare of those worked to their limit. Are We Pushing Animals to Their Biological Limits? Welfare and Ethical Implications, CAB International.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781786390547.0000"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.17140\/VMOJ-5-146","article-title":"Assessment of socio-economic importance and major constraints of working equines in and around debre berhan town, Central Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"Gelaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med.-Open J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norris, S.L., Kubasiewicz, L.M., Watson, T.L., Little, H.A., Yadav, A.K., Thapa, S., Raw, Z., and Burden, F.A. (2020). A new framework for assessing equid welfare: A case study of working equids in Nepalese brick kilns. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10061074"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f6nker, N.S., Fechner, K., and Abd El Wahed, A. (2020). Horses as a Crucial Part of One Health. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7010028"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.i5470","article-title":"One Welfare\u2014A platform for improving human and animal welfare","volume":"179","author":"Pinillos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.09.065","article-title":"Helping working Equidae and their owners in developing countries: Monitoring and evaluation of evidence-based interventions","volume":"199","author":"Upjohn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., Lockwood, C., Porritt, K., Pilla, B., and Jordan, Z. (2024). Scoping Reviews (2020 Version). JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, JBI.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-01"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1730","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.1730","article-title":"Scoping review of end-of-life decision-making models used in dogs, cats and equids","volume":"191","author":"Cameron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2024, June 25). DeepL. Available online: https:\/\/www.deepl.com\/translator."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Cochrane EPOC (Effective Practice and Organisation of Care) (2024, February 09). LMIC Filters. Available online: https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/8019937."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1552","article-title":"The ScHARR LMIC filter: Adapting a low- and middle-income countries geographic search filter to identify studies on preterm birth prevention and management","volume":"13","author":"Sutton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"The World Bank (2024, February 23). World Bank Country and Lending Groups: Current Classification by Income in XLSX Format. Available online: https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Haddaway, N.R., Grainger, M.J., and Gray, C.T. (2021). Citationchaser: An R Package and Shiny App for Forward and Backward Citations Chasing in Academic Searching, 0.0.3, Zenodo."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2025, October 28). Covidence. Available online: https:\/\/www.covidence.org\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Wade, J.F. (2014, January 1\u20133). How do we demonstrate the importance of working equid welfare to human livelihoods?. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"615","article-title":"Characterization of the management and driver of wagon equine in the urban area of Sao Luis, Maranhao. Caracterizacao do manejo e condutor de equideos de carroca na area urbana de Sao Luis, Maranhao","volume":"14","author":"Barbosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pubvet"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"679","article-title":"Welfare of draught horses and economic social aspects of the carters of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul state. Bem estar de equinos de tracao e perfil socio-economico dos carroceiros de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul","volume":"23","author":"Sangioni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Veterin\u00e1ria Zootec."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Portraits of wagon drivers\u2019 communities in southern Brazil. Retratos de comunidades de carroceiros do sul do Brasil","volume":"16","author":"Teixeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pubvet"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"15","article-title":"Contribution of donkeys to household food security: A case study in the Bawku Municipality of the Upper East Region of Ghana","volume":"3","author":"Avornyo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ghana J. Sci. Technol. Dev."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"74","article-title":"The Socioeconomic Value of Rearing Different Ecotype of Donkeys (Equus asinus) in South Darfur State, Sudan","volume":"17","author":"Koko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.15406\/ijawb.2023.07.00191","article-title":"Factors influencing the performance of donkey welfare a case study in benadir region, Somalia","volume":"7","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Avian Wildl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3329\/agric.v13i1.26547","article-title":"The socio-economic status of horse owners in rural areas of Bangladesh","volume":"13","author":"Alam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agriculturists"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4314\/mejs.v12i1.9","article-title":"Economic Contribution of Cart Horses to the Livelihoods of Families in Gondar Town Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Asfaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Momona Ethiop. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"86","article-title":"The prevalence of foot related problems in working donkeys and its implication on the livelihood of donkey owners in Hawassa City, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Asrat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Livest. Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asteraye, G.B., Pinchbeck, G., Knight-Jones, T., Saville, K., Temesgen, W., Hailemariam, A., and Rushton, J. (2024). Population, distribution, biomass, and economic value of Equids in Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295388"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1852","article-title":"Welfare challenges in the use of the donkey for economic empowerment in The Gambia","volume":"11","author":"Badmos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wayamba J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1152","article-title":"The Emerging Trade in Donkey Hide: An Opportunity or a Threat for Communities in Kenya?","volume":"10","author":"Carder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cousquer, G., Alyakine, H., and Lindsay-McGee, V. (2023). The history and welfare of working mules in the valleys of the Toubkal massif, in the High Atlas of Morocco. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1256501"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Klerk, J.N., Quan, M., and Grewar, J.D. (2020). Socio-economic impacts of working horses in urban and peri-urban areas of the Cape Flats, South Africa. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc., 91.","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v91i0.2009"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13921","article-title":"Maintaining traditional values and looking for novel uses assure equines\u2019 survival as a species","volume":"36","author":"Desta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1177\/0263775815604922","article-title":"Animal performativity: Exploring the lives of donkeys in Botswana","volume":"33","author":"Geiger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Plan.-Soc. Space"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geiger, M., Hockenhull, J., Buller, H., Tefera Engida, G., Getachew, M., Burden, F.A., and Whay, H.R. (2020). Understanding the Attitudes of Communities to the Social, Economic, and Cultural Importance of Working Donkeys in Rural, Peri-urban, and Urban Areas of Ethiopia. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00060"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.30.3.004","article-title":"Comparison of the socio-economic value and welfare of working donkeys in rural and urban Ethiopia","volume":"30","author":"Geiger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"602","article-title":"Being with donkeys: Insights into the valuing and wellbeing of donkeys in central Ethiopia","volume":"32","author":"Geiger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Anim. Soc. Sci. Stud. Hum. Exp. Other Anim."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1177\/13607804231213559","article-title":"Hoof Work: The Feminisation of Donkeys in Ethiopia","volume":"29","author":"Geiger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sociol. Res. Online"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"26","article-title":"Factors associated with level of income derived from working donkeys for smallholder farmers in the central highlands of Kenya","volume":"1","author":"Gichure","year":"2020","journal-title":"East Afr. J. Sci. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"88","article-title":"The Role of Working Animals toward Livelihoods and Food Security in Selected Districts of Fafan Zone, Somali Region, Ethiopia","volume":"33","author":"Gina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Life Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.56093\/ijans.v87i11.75906","article-title":"Phenotypic characteristics and general managemental practices for working donkey populations in South Western Bihar region of India","volume":"87","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"204","article-title":"Horse-drawn carriages: Sustainability at the nexus of human-animal interaction","volume":"28","author":"Gursoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s44338-025-00073-y","article-title":"Assessing environmental factors and human practices on the welfare of working donkeys in Kenya","volume":"2","author":"Kithuka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Anim."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1017\/awf.2023.1","article-title":"Bonded labour and donkey ownership in the brick kilns of India: A need for reform of policy and practice","volume":"32","author":"Kubasiewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubasiewicz, L.M., Watson, T., Thapa, S., Nye, C., and Chamberlain, N. (2024). Mule trains to mountain roads: The role of working mules in supporting resilient communities in the Himalayas. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1390644"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maggs, H.C., Ainslie, A., and Bennett, R.M. (2023). The value of donkeys to livelihood provision in northern Ghana. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274337"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merridale-Punter, M.S., Elias, B., Wodajo, A.L., El-Hage, C.M., Zewdu, H., Tesfaye, R., Hailegebreal, G., Sori, T., Wiethoelter, A.K., and Hitchens, P.L. (2024). Putting the cart before the horse: Mixed-methods participatory investigation of working equid harnessing practices in three selected towns of the Oromia national regional state in Ethiopia. BMC Vet. Res., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-03967-3"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"23","article-title":"\u201cThe health of my donkey is my health\u201d: A female perspective on the contributions of working equids to One Health in two Ethiopian communities","volume":"3","author":"Zewdu","year":"2024","journal-title":"CABI One Health"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"2068","article-title":"Animal Suffering in Global Development and Antipoverty Praxis: Enforced Animal Labor in the Peripheral Capitalism of Indian Brick Kilns","volume":"114","author":"Narayanan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Assoc. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"19","article-title":"Socio-economic and technical characteristics of donkeys in the far Northern region of Cameroon","volume":"15","author":"Nguekeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Husb. Rural. Dev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1079\/hai.2025.0013","article-title":"Social and economic impacts of the donkey skin trade on donkey-dependent women and communities in Kenya","volume":"13","author":"Oduori","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum.-Anim. Interact."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"15","article-title":"Assessment of Provision of Extension Services and Advocacy on Donkey Health and Welfare in Kenya","volume":"38","author":"Onono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Agric. Ext. Econ. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/21582041.2019.1655164","article-title":"Horse\/power: Human\u2013animal mobile assemblage in the contemporary city","volume":"16","author":"Rink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contemp. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, S.Z.A., Nawaz, Z., Nawaz, S., Carder, G., Ali, M., Soomro, N., and Compston, P.C. (2019). The Role and Welfare of Cart Donkeys Used in Waste Management in Karachi, Pakistan. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9040159"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22259\/2637-5354.0302001","article-title":"Assessing Donkey Production and Management in Bunkpurugu\/Yunyoo District in the Northern Region of Ghana","volume":"3","author":"Tuaruka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Husb. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.56093\/ijans.v91i11.118151","article-title":"Socio-economic status of ponywallas associated with Shri-Amarnath Yatra and ecotourism in Kashmir valley","volume":"91","author":"Wani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, T.L., Kubasiewicz, L.M., Chamberlain, N., Nye, C., Raw, Z., and Burden, F. (2020). Cultural \u201cBlind Spots,\u201d Social Influence and the Welfare of Working Donkeys in Brick Kilns in Northern India. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00214"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, T., Kubasiewicz, L.M., Nye, C., Thapa, S., Norris, S.L., Chamberlain, N., and Burden, F.A. (2022). \u201cNot all who wander are lost\u201d: The life transitions and associated welfare of pack mules walking the trails in the Mountainous Gorkha Region, Nepal. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12223152"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4067\/S0719-81322023000100009","article-title":"The welfare and access to veterinary health services of mules working the mountain trails in the Gorkha region, Nepal","volume":"55","author":"Watson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Austral. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Valette, D. (2015). Invisible Workers: The Economic Contributions of Working Donkeys, Horses and Mules to Livelihoods, The Brooke."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Abbas, N.S. (2014, January 1\u20133). Voices from women. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Asmamaw, K., Alemayehu, T., Alemayehu, R., and Bojia, E. (2014, January 1\u20133). A preliminary study of the socioeconomic contribution of working equids in Dalocha District, Southern Ethiopia. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Bekele, M., Leggese, G., Teshome, W., Nahom, W., Anteneh, K., and Tewodros, T. (2014, January 1\u20133). Socioeconomic impact of epizootic lymphangitis in cart mules in Bahir Dar city, North West Ethiopia. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Doumbia, A. (2014, January 1\u20133). The contribution of working donkeys to the livelihoods of the population in Mali. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Kandpal, D.K., Zaman, S.F., and Kumar, A. (2014, January 1\u20133). Study on the contribution of equids to the livelihoods of landless people in Indian brick kilns. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Kendagor, M., and Njoroge, P. (2014, January 1\u20133). The contribution of donkeys to the livelihoods of the marginalised population in Kenya. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Lane, J. (2015, January 5\u20139). Links between working equid health and human livelihoods and health. Proceedings of the 61st Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Mwasame, D.B., Otieno, D.J., and Nyang\u2019ang\u2019a, H. (2019, January 23\u201326). Quantifying the Contribution of Donkeys to Household Livelihoods; Evidence from Kiambu county, Kenya. Proceedings of the 6th African Conference of Agricultural Economists, Abuja, Nigeria."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Rodriguez Rodas, D., and Perez, J. (2014, January 1\u20133). Identification of equid-owner-community profiles as a tool for equine welfare programme sustainability in Guatemala. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Warboys, D., Robles, M., Chapman, A., and Blessing, O.G.L. (2014, January 1\u20133). Cross-sectional survey on the importance of the role of working equids in Honduras. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Zaman, S., Kumar, A., and Compston, P. (2014, January 1\u20133). Contribution of working equids to the livelihoods of their owners in Uttar Pradesh, India. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Zaman, S.F., Upjohn, M., and Valette, D. (2014, January 1\u20133). Working equids and women: A new paradigm in animal welfare. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"United Nations (2025, October 02). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available online: https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/2030agenda."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Google (2025, December 30). Google Finance. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/finance\/."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reix, C.E., Dikshit, A.K., Hockenhull, J., Parker, R.M.A., Anindo, B., Burn, C.C., Pritchard, J.C., and Whay, H.R. (2015). A two-year participatory intervention project with owners to reduce lameness and limb abnormalities in working horses in Jaipur, India. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124342"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whay, H.R., Dikshit, A.K., Hockenhull, J., Parker, R.M., Banerjee, A., Hughes, S.I., Pritchard, J.C., and Reix, C.E. (2015). Evaluation of changes in equine care and limb-related abnormalities in working horses in Jaipur, India, as part of a two year participatory intervention study. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126160"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5897\/JAERD2016.0774","article-title":"Effect of extension and training on farmers\u2019 husbandry and management practices and field performance when using draught horses in ploughing","volume":"8","author":"Makki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Ext. Rural Dev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/1472586X.2022.2161410","article-title":"Film ethnography and critical consciousness: Exploring a community-based action research methodology for Freirean transformation","volume":"39","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vis. Stud."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duguma, B.E., Tesfaye, T., Kassaye, A., Kassa, A., and Blakeway, S. (2021). Control and Prevention of Epizootic Lymphangitis in Mules: An Integrated Community-Based Intervention, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.648267"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1079\/cabionehealth.2025.0009","article-title":"Improving donkey welfare in Ethiopia: Using a sustainable scalable integrated community-based approach","volume":"4","author":"Duguma","year":"2025","journal-title":"CABI One Health"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddy, E., Burden, F., Fernando-Mart\u00ednez, J.A., Legaria-Ram\u00edrez, D., Raw, Z., Brown, J., Kaminski, J., and Proops, L. (2021). Evaluation of long-term welfare initiatives on working equid welfare and social transmission of knowledge in Mexico. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251002"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1017\/awf.2025.12","article-title":"Forum theatre as a tool to promote positive donkey welfare on Lamu Island, Kenya","volume":"34","author":"Haddy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stringer, A.P., Christley, R.M., Bell, C.E., Gebreab, F., Tefera, G., Reed, K., Trawford, A., and Pinchbeck, G.L. (2018). Evaluating the efficacy of knowledge-transfer interventions on animal health knowledge of rural working equid owners in central Ethiopia: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Front. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00282"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"404","article-title":"Children\u2019s recognition of working donkeys\u2019 needs in Tuliman, Mexico: Preliminary observations","volume":"3","author":"Tadich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Mex."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yalew, A., Darge, D., and Melake, B.M. (2023). Assessment of community-based intervention approaches to improve the health and welfare of working donkeys in selected areas of Sidama region, Southern Ethiopia. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1253448"},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Demissie, T.D., and Desalegn, T. (2014, January 1\u20133). Including the excluded: Use of government extension services to improve equine welfare. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Gogoi, P., Pradhan, S.K., and Venkata, P. (2014, January 1\u20133). Nurturing a community-led tetanus toxoid vaccination programme: The synthesis and learning. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Granillo, A., and Reyes, V. (2014, January 1\u20133). Training and education of local farriers working with equids owned by rubbish collectors. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Hassib, M.A. (2014, January 1\u20133). Animal welfare improvement through cooperation with El Ahlame Elnesaia Development Association in Egypt. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Madariaga-Najera, M., and Torres-Sevilla, M.A. (2014, January 1\u20133). Perception and relationship changes of owners towards their mules to improve animal-human welfare in Tlaxcala, Mexico. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Nawaz, S., Shah, S.Z.A., Laghari, H., and Shafi, M. (2014, January 1\u20133). Increasing mass awareness of equine welfare through free medium radio in Jacobabad, Pakistan. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Nawaz, S., Soomro, N., Shah, S.Z.A., Khan, S., Shah, N.A., Shafi, M., and Memon, M. (2014, January 1\u20133). Improvement in body condition and decrease in wounds of working equids through enhanced knowledge, attitude and practice in Karachi, Pakistan. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Parai, S., Nath, S., and Perumal, R.K. (2014, January 1\u20133). Improving welfare of working donkeys in Delhi and NCR, India, by facilitating changes in community feeding practice. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Pothipongsathorn, T., and Chunekamrai, S. (2014, January 1\u20133). Human behaviour changes as a sustainable model for improved welfare of working ponies in Thailand. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Qureshi, M.Z., and Khan, A. (2014, January 1\u20133). Role of community-based animal health workers in the treatment of working equids in District Mardan in Pakistan. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Shah, S.Z.A., Nawaz, S., Laghari, H., Shafi, M., Upjohn, M., and Eager, R. (2014, January 1\u20133). Minimising cart donkeys\u2019 foot conditions through community awareness-raising, capacity-building and linking relevant stakeholders in Jacobabad, Pakistan. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Yadav, H.K. (2014, January 1\u20133). Impact assessment of owner-level foot care training: A holistic approach to improve foot health in working equids in India. Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Working Equids, Egham, UK."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.02.001","article-title":"A cluster-randomised controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of different knowledge-transfer interventions for rural working equid users in Ethiopia","volume":"100","author":"Stringer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12633","article-title":"Owner reported diseases of working equids in central Ethiopia","volume":"49","author":"Stringer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raw, Z., Collins, J.A., and Burden, F.A. (2024). What Is a Working Equid? Analysis of Current Terminology and a Suggested Definition. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14142026"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"United Nations Ethiopia (2025, December 01). Our Work on the Sustainable Development Goals in Ethiopia. Available online: https:\/\/ethiopia.un.org\/en\/sdgs."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"(2025, November 27). OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group. The Oxford Levels of Evidence 2. Available online: https:\/\/www.cebm.ox.ac.uk\/resources\/levels-of-evidence\/ocebm-levels-of-evidence."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merridale-Punter, M.S., Wiethoelter, A.K., El-Hage, C.M., Patrick, C., and Hitchens, P.L. (2024). Common clinical findings identified in working equids in low- and middle-income countries from 2005 to 2021. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304755"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X373907","article-title":"The range and prevalence of pathological abnormalities associated with lameness in working horses from developing countries","volume":"41","author":"Broster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/0973408220934649","article-title":"Too Young to Know? A Multiple Case Study of Child-to-Parent Intergenerational Learning in Relation to Environmental Sustainability","volume":"14","author":"Spiteri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Educ. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rau, H., Nicolai, S., and Stoll-Kleemann, S. (2022). A systematic review to assess the evidence-based effectiveness, content, and success factors of behavior change interventions for enhancing pro-environmental behavior in individuals. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.901927"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2015.04.013","article-title":"What time to adapt? The role of discretionary time in sustaining the climate change value\u2013action gap","volume":"116","author":"Chai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"151","article-title":"Why We Don\u2019t \u201cWalk the Talk\u201d: Understanding the Environmental Values\/Behaviour Gap in Canada","volume":"16","author":"Kennedy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21582440231218523","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440231218523","article-title":"Sustainability in NGO Programming: A Case Study of Working Equid Welfare Organizations","volume":"13","author":"Haddy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"445","article-title":"A new clinical guideline from the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health with a national awareness campaign accelerates brain tumor diagnosis in UK children\u2014\u201cHeadSmart: Be Brain Tumour Aware\u201d","volume":"18","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06660","article-title":"Gendered stereotypes and norms: A systematic review of interventions designed to shift attitudes and behaviour","volume":"7","author":"Stewart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17021-9","article-title":"Effect of a participatory intervention with women\u2019s groups on birth outcomes in Nepal: Cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"364","author":"Manandhar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e061568","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061568","article-title":"Use of community engagement interventions to improve child immunisation in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"EQUATOR Network (2025, December 29). Enhancing the Quality and Transparency of Health Research. Available online: https:\/\/www.equator-network.org\/."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S., Olonisakin, T.F., Pribis, J.P., Zupetic, J., Yoon, J.H., Holleran, K.M., Jeong, K., Shaikh, N., Rubio, D.M., and Lee, J.S. (2017). A checklist is associated with increased quality of reporting preclinical biomedical research: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183591"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00557.x","article-title":"Does the CONSORT checklist improve the quality of reports of randomised controlled trials? A systematic review","volume":"185","author":"Plint","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/2\/165\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:57:47Z","timestamp":1767787067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/2\/165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16020165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16020165","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]}}}