{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T16:19:53Z","timestamp":1784823593380,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005781","name":"Kone Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202302807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202302807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines how farm workers working with cattle talk to and interact with these non-human animals. This study presents linguistic animal studies and multi-species pragmatics, and it is based on fieldwork, interviews, and video recordings from several types of Finnish dairy farms. This study concentrates especially on one facet of human\u2013cattle interaction: how humans use dung pushers and other sticks when communicating with cows. Thus, it draws on the materiality of language. It is shown how objects, bodies, and spaces, as well as words and linguistic constructions, are meaningful in human\u2013animal interaction. Videoed recordings are analysed with multimodal conversation analysis. It is shown how dung pushers and snow stakes are used when steering cows, making them stand up, and pointing at things. It is then shown how these objects become \u2018meaning-carriers\u2019 for humans and for cows. For example, the dung pusher acquires four different meaning qualities for the human participants in the cattle barns: floor-cleaner quality, shepherd\u2019s-crook quality, pointer quality, and weapon quality. The study examines how the cows\u2019 and humans\u2019 Umwelts, the subjective meaning universes of these species and their constituent individuals, influence interaction on farms and how and why the dung pusher becomes a semiotic resource.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16020201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T12:52:17Z","timestamp":1767963137000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Linguistic and Material Ways of Communicating with Cows\u2014The Dung Pusher as a Semiotic Resource"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7983-5005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anni","family":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Finnish, Finno-Ugrian and Scandinavian Studies, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 40, 00170 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Sciences HELSUS, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Finnish Literature Society, Hallituskatu 1, P.O. Box 259, 00171 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newen, A., De Bruin, L., and Gallagher, S. (2018). The Embodiment of Language. The Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198735410.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Haddington, P. (2025, September 01). Materiality. Available online: https:\/\/osf.io\/kc63j\/overview."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peltola, R., J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen, A., and Harjunp\u00e4\u00e4, K. (2021). El\u00e4inten Omat Sanat: El\u00e4imille Suunnatut Interjektiot Ihmisen Ja El\u00e4imen Vuorovaikutuksen Osina. 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