{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:52:19Z","timestamp":1790002339318,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2021ZDZX0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZDZX0011"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["CARS-35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-35"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study first adopted a liquid microbial-enzymatic co-fermentation process to enhance the nutritional value of walnut meal (WM) and sesame meal (SM), and systematically evaluated its effect on the nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. WM and SM are two underutilized high-protein by-products, whose application is hindered by anti-nutritional tannin and fiber. Optimal fermentation parameters were determined via single-factor experiments and response surface methodology, utilizing a consortium of Lactobacillus I, Candida utilis, and protease. Fermentation significantly reduced tannin (39.41% in WM) and crude fibre (28.79% in WM), reduced tannin (18.67% in SM) and crude fibre (4.00% in SM), while elevating crude protein (10.63% in WM, 7.47% in SM) and acid-soluble protein in both WM and SM. Results of the microstructure of fermented WM and SM revealed structural loosening, surface porosity, and polysaccharide degradation. Microbial community shifts highlighted the dominance of Lactobacillus and Bacillus in fermented substrates. In growing pigs, fermented WM and SM exhibited improved standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of key amino acids (threonine, tryptophan, valine; p &lt; 0.05), alongside enhanced digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) for SM (p &lt; 0.05). These findings demonstrate that liquid co-fermentation effectively degrades anti-nutritional factors, enhances nutrient bio-availability, and positions WM and SM as viable alternatives to conventional protein sources in swine diets, supporting strategies to reduce reliance on soybean meal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16020220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T14:57:25Z","timestamp":1768229845000},"page":"220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Liquid Microbial-Enzymatic Co-Fermentation of Walnut and Sesame Meals and Its Effects on Nutrient Digestibility in Growing Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8437-0073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caimei","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feedstuffs of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meihong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feedstuffs of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feedstuffs of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feedstuffs of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feedstuffs of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fali","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feedstuffs of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8486-1611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feedstuffs of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feedstuffs of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruinan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feedstuffs of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feedstuffs of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feedstuffs of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianqiang","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feedstuffs of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6009-303X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feedstuffs of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochms.2022.100139","article-title":"Preparation, identification, and molecular docking of novel elastase inhibitory peptide from walnut (Juglans regia L.) 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