{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T05:04:46Z","timestamp":1781586286479,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Male infertility in dromedary camels lacks objective diagnostic tools. This study evaluated the combined diagnostic value of testicular Doppler ultrasonography and semen biomarkers in 68 infertile (azoospermic, n = 21; oligozoospemic, n = 47) and 9 fertile male camels. All animals underwent a breeding soundness evaluation; computer-assisted semen analysis; color Doppler of the supratesticular artery; and a seminal plasma assessment for semenogelin I (SEM I), semenogelin II (SEM II), extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1), and testis-expressed protein 101 (TEX101). Infertile camels showed significantly impaired semen quality (p &lt; 0.001). All four biomarkers were significantly lower in the infertile groups than controls (p = 0.001). Doppler indices indicated impaired testicular perfusion, with higher resistive and pulsatility indices (p = 0.003; p = 0.009) and lower velocity parameters (p &lt; 0.001) in infertile animals. Biomarkers were strongly intercorrelated and negatively correlated with Doppler indices. ECM1 was the only significant predictor of infertility from the regression analysis (p = 0.031). Among the oligozoospemic camels stratified by motility, the &gt;50% motility group had significantly higher SEM I and SEM II concentrations (p &lt; 0.002). Integrating Doppler ultrasonography with biomarker profiling provides complementary diagnostic indicators for male camel infertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16020319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T17:20:42Z","timestamp":1768929642000},"page":"319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Doppler Waveform Alterations of the Supratesticular Artery and Associated Semen Biomarkers in Infertile Male Dromedary Camels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6081-7627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derar","family":"Derar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8495-4623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7267-4301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahad A.","family":"Alshanbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed H.","family":"Elzagafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theriogenology, University Veterinary Hospital, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-014-1971-1","article-title":"Impotentia generandi in male dromedary camels: Breeding soundness, haematology, biochemistry and testosterone level","volume":"24","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp. 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